Material

In which era the parchment was used as writing material?پارچمنٹ کس دور میں تحریری مواد کے طور پر استعمال ہوتا تھا؟

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Parchment, which is made from animal skin, has been used as a writing material for centuries. It was used as early as the 3rd century BCE, and it was widely used during the Middle Ages in Europe. During this time, parchment was the primary material used for writing and was used to produce a wide variety of documents including religious texts, legal documents, and literature. Parchment was used until the invention of paper in the 2nd century CE, and it is still used today in some special circumstances, such as the production of official documents and in the restoration of ancient manuscripts.

How is modern paper made?جدید کاغذ کیسے بنایا جاتا ہے؟

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Modern paper is made from wood pulp, which is a fibrous material made by mechanically grinding wood down into a fine, pulpy mass. The wood pulp is mixed with water and other chemicals to create a slurry, which is then pressed and dried to create sheets of paper.

There are several steps involved in making paper from wood pulp:

  1. Logs are harvested from trees and transported to a paper mill.
  2. The logs are debarked and cut into small chips, which are then cooked in a chemical solution to break down the fibers and remove impurities.
  3. The pulp is washed and screened to remove any remaining impurities, then mixed with water to create a slurry.
  4. The slurry is poured onto a moving mesh screen, which drains off the excess water and leaves a thin layer of fibers on the screen.
  5. The fibers on the screen are pressed and dried to remove even more water, creating a sheet of paper.
  6. The paper is rolled onto large cylinders and allowed to dry completely, then cut into the desired size and shape.

On which material were the books written in ancient times?قدیم زمانے میں کتابیں کس مواد پر لکھی جاتی تھیں؟

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In ancient times, books were often written on materials like papyrus, parchment, and vellum.

Papyrus was a writing material made from the pith of the papyrus plant, which was commonly found in ancient Egypt. The pith was cut into thin strips and laid out in overlapping layers, then pressed and dried to create a smooth surface for writing. Papyrus was cheap and widely available, so it was often used for everyday documents like letters and receipts. However, it was not very durable and would quickly deteriorate if not stored carefully.

Parchment is a writing material made from animal skin, usually from cows, sheep, or goats. The skin was prepared by soaking it in water and lime, then stretching it on a frame and scraping it to remove any remaining flesh and hair. Parchment was more durable than papyrus and could be reused, making it a popular choice for documents that needed to last a long time, such as legal contracts and deeds.

Vellum is a finer quality parchment made from the skin of a calf, lamb, or kid. It is smoother and more flexible than regular parchment and was often used for important documents and books.

Books written on these materials were often hand-copied by scribes and were expensive to produce, so they were usually reserved for religious texts, legal documents, and other important works. Do you have any other questions about the materials used for writing in ancient times?

Library Search

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A library search is a process of looking for and finding specific information or materials in a library. A library search can be conducted in a physical library by browsing the shelves or by using the library’s catalog or other finding aids, or it can be conducted online through a library’s website or a database of library materials.

There are a number of different approaches that can be used to conduct a library search, depending on the nature of the information you are seeking and the resources available to you. Some common strategies for conducting a library search include:

  • Keyword search: Using one or more keywords to search the library’s catalog or a database of library materials
  • Subject search: Using subject headings or another controlled vocabulary to search for materials on a specific topic
  • Author search: Searching for materials by a specific author or creator
  • Advanced search: Using more complex search criteria, such as Boolean operators or proximity searches, to refine and narrow your search results

Conducting an effective library search requires some knowledge of the library’s resources and how to use them, as well as some familiarity with research techniques and strategies.

Holdingsہولڈنگز

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Holdings refer to the materials that a library, museum, or other organization has in its collection. It can include books, manuscripts, photographs, artifacts, and other types of materials. The holdings of an organization may be physical, meaning that the materials are stored on-site and can be accessed in person, or they may be digital, meaning that they can be accessed electronically. An organization’s holdings may be listed in a catalog or database and may be available for research or for the loan to patrons. The holdings of an organization can be used to understand the focus and scope of the organization’s collection and to identify resources that are available for research or study.

Glossary

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A glossary is a list of terms and their definitions, usually found at the end of a book or in a separate section of a website or other publication. It is a reference tool that provides explanations of technical, specialized, or unfamiliar words and phrases that are used in a particular field or subject area. A glossary is often used to help readers understand complex or technical material, and it can be a useful resource for finding definitions of terms that are used in a specific context. Glossaries may be organized alphabetically or by subject matter, and they may include pronunciation guides, examples of usage, or cross-references to other terms.

Collected work

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A collected work is a publication that is a compilation of previously published or unpublished material by a particular author or group of authors. Collected works can include a wide range of material, such as articles, essays, stories, poems, plays, and other types of writing. They may also include other types of media, such as photographs, artwork, or musical compositions. Collected works are often published after the author’s death, and are intended to preserve and make accessible the author’s body of work. They may also be published while the author is still alive, either as a way of showcasing the author’s work or as a way of making it more widely available.

لائبریری سازو سامان برائے لائبریرین|| Library Material for Librarian

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لائبریری سازو سامان
ایک معیاری لائبریری اس وقت وجو د میں آسکتی ہیں جب وہ تمام ضرور سازو سامان اور مناسب و دیدہ زیب فرنیچر سے آراستہ ہو جس طرح ایک مصور اپنی تخلیق کو تخلیقی صلاحیت اور مہارت کے ساتھ ساتھ چند ضروری سامان کی مدد سے پائے تکمیل کو پہنچتا ہے ایک آرکٹیکچر کو نقشہ تیار کرنے کے لیے ضروری ساز و سامان کی ضررورت ہوتی ہے ایک سرجن آلات جراہی کی مدد سے ہی مریض کا آپریشن کرتا ہے ایک بڑھئی بغیر اوزاروں کے فرنیچر نہیں بنا سکتا اسی طرح لائبریری کو اسی وقت مکلمل لائبریری بنایا جا سکتا ہے جب وہاں ضروری سازوسامان اور مناسب فرنیچر موجود ہو، نیز کسی بھی ادارے میں کسی بھی کتب خانے کیلیے ایک لائبریرین کے لیے چند ضروری اشیاء کی مدد سے ہی ایک کتاب کو اس قابل بناتا ہیکہ وہ اس لائبریری کی کتاب ظاہرہو اور اس قابل ہو سکے اس سے استفادہ کیا جا سکے۔
لائبریرین کے لیے ضروری سازو سامان

1-داخلہ رجسٹر
2-مستعیر کارڈ
3-درخواست فارم/کارڈ
4-کتابی کارڈ
5-کتابی جیب
6-داخلہ نمبر سلپ
7-تاریخ نامہ
8-پشتہ لیبل (سپائن لیبل)
9-مہریں تاریخ ظاہر کرنے کے لیے
10-لائبریری کی ملکیتی مہر
11-مستعیر رجسٹر
12-رسیدیں(برائے ممبرشپ فیس)
13مستعیر ٹکٹ
14۔کیٹلاگ کیبنٹ
15۔مستعیر کارڈ کیبنٹ
16-شیلف لسٹ
17۔درجہ بندی اسکیم کا سیٹ
18-سیئرز لسٹ آف سبجیکٹ ہیڈنگز اسکیم
19۔الماریاں
20-میزیں برائے مطالعہ
21-دفتر میزیں
22-اجرائی ڈیسک
23-کرسیاں برائے مطالعہ
24-دفتری کرسیاں
25۔دفتری الماریاں
26۔ فائل کیبنٹ
27۔ڈکشنری اسٹینڈ
28-اسٹینڈ برائے اخبارات
29-اسٹینڈ برائے رسائل و جرائد
30-کمپیوٹر
31- پرنٹر
32-اسٹینڈ برائے نقشہ جات
33-فوٹو اسٹیٹ مشین
34-فلم پروجیکٹر
35- اسٹیپلر
36-انک پیڈ اور پیڈ انک
37-ٹیلی ویژن
38-ریڈیو
39-وی سی آر
40-ڈی وی ڈی پلئیر
41- یو ایس بی، میموری کارڈ، سی ڈی، ڈی وی ڈی
42-کیمرہ
43- سکیورٹی اسٹرپ
44- آر ایف آئی ڈی
45-مائیکرو فون
46-آگ بجھانے والا آلہ
47-جلد سازی کا سامان
48-فائل کورز
49-کیڑے مار ادویات
50۔گلوب
51-فیومیگیشن چیمبر
52۔قالین
53۔بک سپورٹر
54-ٹرالی (بک ٹرک)
55-خاک دان
56-کارڈ کیٹلاگ
57-گم اسٹک
58- سکوائش ٹیپ
59- اے فور سائز سفید کاغذ
60-ویٹ سٹون
61- کتابی ٹیگ
62- الفابائی راہنما ئی کارڈ باکس
63۔ بارکوڈ اسٹیکر
64۔ کارڈ گائیڈ
65۔ روزانہ اجرائے کتب رجسٹڑ
66۔ اجرائے کتب رجسٹر
67۔ راہنمائے تاریخ کارڈ
68-ماہنامہ گائیڈ کارڈ
69- لیٹ کتب سلپ
70- کتب ریزور سلپ
71-ریڈر ٹکٹ
72۔ ممبرشپ رجسٹر
73۔ گیٹ رجسڑ
74۔ رسائل و جرائد ریکارڈ رجسٹر
75۔ پمفلٹ ہولڈر
76۔ اخبارات ریکارڈ رجسٹر
77۔ ریفرنس رجسٹر
78۔چارجنگ ٹرے
79۔ بک سٹیک
80۔ نئی کتب کی نمائش کیلیے سٹینڈ
81۔ ٹیوبلر بک سٹینڈ
82۔ ٹیبلر میگزین سٹینڈ
83۔سٹیپ سٹول
84۔ پراپرٹی کاونٹر

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