January 2023

What is Clay Tablet ? مٹی کی تختیوں سے کیا مراد ہے

A clay tablet is a flat piece of clay, usually shaped in a rectangular or square form, that has been inscribed with writing using a stylus. Clay tablets were used in ancient times as a writing surface, and they have been found in many different parts of the world, including Mesopotamia, ancient Egypt, and other parts of the Middle East.

Clay tablets were often inscribed with cuneiform writing, which was a system of writing that used a stylus to make marks in clay. Cuneiform writing was one of the earliest systems of writing in the world and was used to record a variety of information, including laws, historical accounts, and religious texts.

Clay tablets were durable and could be easily stored, making them a popular choice for record-keeping and communication in ancient times. However, they were also prone to breaking, and many clay tablets that have survived to the present day are incomplete or fragmentary.

A clay tablet is a flat piece of clay, usually shaped in a rectangular or square form, that has been inscribed with writing using a stylus. Clay tablets were used in ancient times as a writing surface, and they have been found in many different parts of the world, including Mesopotamia, ancient Egypt, and other parts of the Middle East.

Clay tablets were often inscribed with cuneiform writing, which was a system of writing that used a stylus to make marks in clay. Cuneiform writing was one of the earliest systems of writing in the world and was used to record a variety of information, including laws, historical accounts, and religious texts.

Clay tablets were durable and could be easily stored, making them a popular choice for record-keeping and communication in ancient times. However, they were also prone to breaking, and many clay tablets that have survived to the present day are incomplete or fragmentary.

The size of a clay tablet varied depending on the period and the intended use. Some clay tablets were quite small, measuring only a few inches in length or width, while others were much larger and could be several inches in length or width.

In general, clay tablets were created by pressing wet clay into a flat, rectangular or square shape and then inscribing it with writing using a stylus. The size of the tablet might be determined by the amount of information that needed to be recorded, or it might be determined by practical considerations such as the size of the clay balls that were used to create the tablets.

11 and 12 inches is the size of clay tablet

Clay tablets were often used for record-keeping and communication in ancient times, and they were used to record a wide range of information, including laws, historical accounts, and religious texts.

Clay tablets were often inscribed with cuneiform writing, which was a system of writing that used a stylus to make marks in clay. Cuneiform writing was one of the earliest systems of writing in the world and was used by a number of ancient cultures, including the Sumerians, the Akkadians, and the Babylonians.

Cuneiform writing was not based on an alphabet, but rather used a system of symbols and characters to represent words, sounds, and ideas. The symbols and characters were created by pressing the stylus into the clay at various angles and in various combinations to create different marks.

Cuneiform writing was used to record a wide range of information, including laws, historical accounts, and religious texts. It was also used for administrative and economic purposes, such as keeping track of trade and recording financial transactions.

Many clay tablets that were used in ancient times have been preserved and can be found in museums and other collections around the world. Clay tablets are durable, but they can also be fragile, and many tablets that have survived to the present day are incomplete or fragmentary.

One of the largest collections of clay tablets is held by the British Museum in London, which has over 130,000 clay tablets in its collection. The tablets in the British Museum’s collection come from a variety of ancient cultures, including the Sumerians, the Akkadians, and the Babylonians. The museum also holds a large collection of cuneiform inscriptions on other materials, such as stone and bronze.

Other museums and collections that hold significant numbers of clay tablets include the National Museum of Iraq in Baghdad, the Louvre Museum in Paris, and the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York.

Clay tablets have been found in many different parts of the world and have been used by a number of ancient cultures for record-keeping and communication. The use of clay tablets for writing is generally attributed to the ancient Sumerians, who lived in the region of Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq) around 4000 BCE. The Sumerians are believed to have developed the cuneiform system of writing, which used a stylus to make marks in clay tablets.

Clay tablets were widely used in ancient Mesopotamia and other parts of the ancient Near East, and they continued to be used for many centuries. Clay tablets have been found that date from as early as the 4th millennium BCE to as late as the 1st century CE.

Archaeologists have been discovering clay tablets for many centuries, and they continue to find new tablets as they conduct excavations in different parts of the world. Clay tablets have been found in many different parts of the ancient Near East, including Mesopotamia, ancient Egypt, and the Levant, as well as in other parts of the world.

Some of the earliest clay tablets that have been discovered date back to the 4th millennium BCE and were found in ancient Mesopotamia. These tablets were inscribed with cuneiform writing, and they were used to record a wide range of information, including laws, historical accounts, and religious texts.

Archaeologists have continued to discover clay tablets in many different parts of the world, and these tablets have provided valuable insights into the history, culture, and daily life of ancient peoples.

What is Clay Tablet ? مٹی کی تختیوں سے کیا مراد ہے Read More »

what is printed books ? مطبوعہ کتب سے کیا مراد ہے

Printed books are books that have been produced using a printing process, in which ink is applied to a printing plate, which is then pressed onto paper or another printing substrate. Printing is a method of mass-producing books, and it allows for the production of large quantities of books in a relatively short period of time.

Printed books can be either hardcover or softcover, depending on the type of binding used. Hardcover books have a stiffer cover, often made of paperboard or cardboard covered with cloth or paper, while softcover books have a flexible cover made of paper.

Printed books can be found in a wide range of formats and sizes, and they can cover a wide range of subjects, including literature, history, science, and more.

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Who is Tas’i lun, سائی لون کون تھا

Tas’i lun is the traditional Chinese name for the person credited with inventing paper. According to legend, Tas’i lun was an official in the imperial court of the Han Dynasty who lived in the 2nd century CE. He is said to have developed a method for making paper from pulped rags, which was a significant improvement over the writing materials that were in use at the time, such as bamboo slips and silk.

Tas’i lun’s invention of paper is considered one of the most important technological innovations in the history of China, as it greatly increased the efficiency of record-keeping and communication and played a key role in the spread of education and culture in the country.

However, there is no historical evidence to verify the story of Tas’i lun or to confirm the details of his life.

Cai Lun (AD 50-121) Inventor of paper. An invention that truly changed the world.

Cai Lun (Ts’ai Lun) was born in Guiyang during the Eastern Han Dynasty. After serving as a court eunuch from AD 75, he was given several promotions under the rule of Emperor He of Han. In AD 89, he was promoted and given the title of Shang Fang Si, an office in charge of manufacturing instruments and weapons. He also became a Regular Palace Attendant. He was involved in palace intrigue as a supporter of Empress Dou, and in the death of her romantic rival, Consort Song. After the death of Empress Dou in AD 97, he became an associate of Consort Deng Sui.

In A.D. 105, Cai invented the composition for paper along with the papermaking process – though he may have been credited with an invention of someone from a lower class. Tools and machinery of papermaking in modern times may be more complex, but they still employ the ancient technique which involves. Felted sheets of fibre suspended in water, draining of the water, and then drying into a thin matted sheet. For this invention, Cai would be world-renowned posthumously, and even in his own time, he was given recognition for his invention.

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Whati is Difference between Scroll and Roll?

A scroll is a long, narrow piece of paper or parchment that is written or printed on and then rolled up for storage. A roll is a similar type of document that is made by rolling up several sheets of paper or parchment together.

The main difference between a scroll and a roll is the number of sheets that are used. A scroll is typically a single sheet of paper or parchment that has been written or printed on and then rolled up, while a roll is made up of multiple sheets that are attached together and then rolled up.

Both scrolls and rolls were used as a way of storing and organizing written documents in ancient times, and they were often used for literary works such as plays, poems, and histories, as well as for legal documents and administrative records.

An example of a scroll would be a single sheet of parchment or paper that has been written or printed on and then rolled up for storage. This type of document might be used to store a poem, a play, or other literary work.

An example of a roll would be a collection of several sheets of parchment or paper that have been attached together and then rolled up. This type of document might be used to store a longer literary work, such as a history or a novel, or it might be used to store administrative records or legal documents.

Here are a few more specific examples of scrolls and rolls:

  • The Dead Sea Scrolls, which are a collection of Jewish texts that were discovered in the 1940s, are an example of scrolls. These texts were written on parchment and were found in clay pots in the region of the Dead Sea.
  • The Enuma Elish, which is an ancient Babylonian creation myth, is an example of a roll. This text was inscribed on clay tablets and was discovered in the 19th century.

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Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) system

The Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) system is a system of library classification used to organize and arrange books and other materials in a library. It was developed by Melvil Dewey in the 1870s and is still in widespread use today.

The DDC is based on a system of ten main classes, each representing a broad subject area. These main classes are further divided into smaller divisions, and then into even smaller sections until each book or material is assigned a unique classification number. The classification numbers are arranged in a decimal format, with the first digit representing the main class, the second and third digits representing the division, and so on.

For example, the number “500” represents the natural sciences and mathematics, while the number “540” represents chemistry and “550” represents earth sciences. Within the earth sciences section, the number “550.1” represents geology, and “550.2” represents meteorology.

The DDC is used to organize and arrange books and materials in a library, and to help library patrons find the materials they are looking for. It is also used to create library catalogs and bibliographies.

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Ancient Times Materials for Writing عہد قدیم کے لکھائی کے ذرائع

In ancient times, people used a variety of materials for writing, including parchment, papyrus, wooden tablets, and stone or clay tablets.

Parchment was made from animal skin and was used to write both scrolls and codex-style books.

Papyrus was made from the pith of the papyrus plant and was used to create scrolls and smaller documents such as letters and contracts.

Wooden tablets were made by cutting a piece of wood and hollowing out the center to create a flat surface, which was then coated with wax. These tablets could be used to create both individual documents and longer works.

Stone and clay tablets were also used as a writing surface in ancient times. Clay tablets were inscribed with cuneiform writing and were used in Mesopotamia, while stone tablets were used in ancient Egypt and other parts of the world.

In addition to parchment, papyrus, wooden tablets, and stone or clay tablets, there were several other materials that were used for writing in ancient times, including:

  • Palm leaves: In some parts of the world, such as India and Southeast Asia, palm leaves were used as a writing surface. These leaves were cut into thin strips and then inscribed with writing using a sharp instrument. The strips were then tied together to create a book.
  • Silk: Silk was used as a writing surface in ancient China, where it was considered a luxurious and prestigious material. Silk was used to create both individual documents and longer works such as histories and novels.
  • Metal: Metal plates, such as those made of bronze or gold, were used as a writing surface in some ancient cultures. These plates were inscribed with writing using a sharp instrument, and were often used for important documents or records.
  • Glass: In some parts of the ancient world, such as Egypt, glass was used as a writing surface. Glass was inscribed with writing using a sharp instrument, and was often used for important documents or records.

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Desk copy

A desk copy is a complimentary copy of a textbook or other publication that is provided to a professor or instructor for review and consideration for adoption as a course textbook. Publishers often provide desk copies to professors and instructors who are considering using a particular book in their courses, so that they can evaluate the book’s content and decide whether it is a good fit for their course. Desk copies are typically provided to professors and instructors free of charge, although some publishers may require instructors to pay for shipping or handling fees. If an instructor decides to adopt a book for a course, they may request additional copies of the book for their students to purchase.

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Database

A database is a collection of organized data stored and accessed electronically. Databases are used to store, organize, and manage data, and are used in a wide variety of applications, such as online stores, libraries, and customer relationship management systems. Some common types of databases include relational databases, which store data in tables with rows and columns, and NoSQL databases, which use a variety of data models, such as documents, graphs, and key-value pairs. There are many database management systems (DBMS) available, ranging from open-source options like MySQL and PostgreSQL, to proprietary systems like Oracle and Microsoft SQL Server.

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What is a Book کتاب کسے کہتے ہیں

A book is a printed or digitally recorded collection of written or illustrated material that is typically organized into chapters and pages. Books can be fiction or non-fiction, and they can cover a wide range of subjects, including literature, history, science, and more. Some examples of books are novels, text books, and dictionaries.

There is no set minimum number of pages for a book. Books can be any length, from just a few pages to thousands of pages. The number of pages in a book will depend on the subject matter, the intended audience, and the purpose of the book. For example, a children’s picture book might be only 20 pages long, while a reference book might be several hundred pages or more.

According to UNESCO, a book is “a non-periodical printed publication of at least 49 pages, exclusive of the cover pages.” This definition includes traditional books as well as other printed materials such as pamphlets and brochures, but excludes magazines and newspapers. The organization also notes that a book can be in physical form, such as a paper volume, or in digital form, such as an electronic file. and some other expert believes that 24 written and bind with each other is a book.

Types:

There are many different types of books, including:

  • Fiction: Novels, short stories, and other works of literature that are imagined or made up by the author.
  • Non-fiction: Books that are based on real events, people, or information, and are intended to educate or inform the reader about a specific subject.
  • Children’s books: Books that are specifically designed for children and may be educational or entertaining in nature.
  • Young adult books: Books that are intended for readers aged 12-18 and may focus on themes and issues relevant to this age group.
  • Reference books: Books that provide information on a specific subject, such as dictionaries, encyclopedias, and atlases.
  • Textbooks: Books that are used as the primary source of information in a classroom or course of study.
  • Graphic novels: Books that tell a story through words and images, often in a comic book format.
  • Cookbooks: Books that contain recipes and instructions for preparing food.
  • Poetry books: Books that contain collections of poems written by a single poet or group of poets.
  • Self-help books: Books that offer advice and guidance on personal development and well-being.
  • A book is a collection of written or illustrated sheets of paper, parchment, or similar materials, fastened together to hinge at one side, with text and/or images printed or written on them. The most common modern form of book is a codex volume consisting of rectangular paper pages bound on one edge, with a heavier cover and spine, so that it can fan open for reading. Books have taken other forms, such as scrolls, leaves on a string, or strips tied together; and the pages have been of parchment, vellum, papyrus, bamboo slips, palm leaves, silk, wood, and other materials. The contents of books are also called books, as are other compositions of written or printed matter.

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Current periodicals

Current periodicals are magazines, newspapers, and other types of publications that are published on a regular basis, such as weekly, monthly, or quarterly. Current periodicals are often referred to as “serial publications” because they are published in a series of issues over time.

Current periodicals can cover a wide range of topics, including news, politics, science, business, entertainment, and more. They are an important source of information and are often used for research and other purposes. Many libraries and other institutions subscribe to current periodicals and make them available to patrons in print or electronic form.

Current periodicals differ from “back issues,” which are older issues of a periodical that are no longer being published. Back issues may be available for purchase or through library collections, but they are not considered current.

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