LIS Studies

Almanics, Types, Example, History تقاویم یا المینک کی تاریخ ، تعریف، اور مثالیں

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An almanac is a type of reference book that contains information about the positions of celestial bodies, weather forecasts, tide tables, and other information that is useful for agriculture, navigation, and other pursuits. Almanacs have been produced for many centuries and can contain a wide range of information, including astronomical data, religious observances, historical events, and even recipes. Some almanacs are designed for a specific purpose, such as navigation or gardening, while others are more general in nature. Many cultures throughout history have produced their own almanacs, and they continue to be popular today in many parts of the world.

Al-Mawrid al-Fareed is an Arabic-language almanac and dictionary, it is considered one of the most comprehensive modern Arabic-English dictionaries, it was first published in 1983, and it is still being updated regularly.

History of Almanic

The history of almanacs can be traced back to ancient civilizations, where astronomical observations were used to predict the seasons and the movements of celestial bodies. The ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans all produced almanacs of some kind. In the Middle Ages, almanacs were primarily used by farmers and merchants to predict the timing of the seasons and to plan their work accordingly.

During the Renaissance, almanacs became more sophisticated and began to include information on astrology, weather, and other topics. In the 16th century, the German astronomer and mathematician Johannes Stöffler published an almanac called the “Ecclesiastical Calendar,” which included information on religious holidays, eclipses, and other astronomical events.

In the 17th and 18th centuries, almanacs became increasingly popular in Europe and the Americas. Benjamin Franklin’s “Poor Richard’s Almanack,” first published in 1732, was one of the most popular almanacs of the time and included information on weather, farming, and other practical matters, as well as witty sayings and moral advice.

In the 19th and 20th centuries, almanacs continued to be popular and were produced in many different languages. With the advent of radio and television, the demand for almanacs began to decline, but they are still being published today. In the modern era, almanacs are often used for reference and entertainment, and many are available in digital format.

Example of Almanic

Here are a few examples of almanacs from different time periods and cultures:

  • The “Ecclesiastical Calendar” by Johannes Stöffler, published in the 16th century, which includes information on religious holidays, eclipses, and other astronomical events.
  • “Poor Richard’s Almanack” by Benjamin Franklin, first published in 1732, which includes information on weather, farming, and other practical matters, as well as witty sayings and moral advice.
  • “The Old Farmer’s Almanac” first published in 1792, which is still being published today, it contains long-range weather forecasts, gardening tips, and astronomical data, as well as articles on a variety of subjects.
  • “Rural Almanack” a Canadian Almanac, first published in 1818, which contains weather forecasts, planting charts, and other information useful to farmers.
  • “Al-Mawrid al-Fareed” is a comprehensive Arabic-English dictionary and almanac first published in 1983, and it is still being updated regularly.
Types of Almanics

There are several different types of almanacs, each with its own unique focus and purpose. Here are a few examples:

  • Agricultural Almanacs: These almanacs are designed for farmers and contain information on planting and harvesting times, weather forecasts, and other information useful for agriculture. They may also include tips on animal husbandry, gardening, and other rural pursuits.
  • Nautical Almanacs: These almanacs are used by sailors and navigators and contain information on tides, currents, and the positions of celestial bodies. They may also include information on weather forecasts, navigation charts, and other information useful for seafarers.
  • Astronomical Almanacs: These almanacs are designed for astronomers and contain information on the positions and movements of celestial bodies, as well as astronomical tables and data.
  • Medical Almanacs: These almanacs contain information on health and medicine, including descriptions of diseases, their symptoms and treatment options.
  • Historical Almanacs: These almanacs provide historical information, including events, important figures, and cultural context of a certain time period, they can also include genealogical information, and biographies of famous people.
  • Cultural Almanacs: These almanacs are focused on a specific culture or community, they contain information on cultural events, religious observances, and customs.
  • General Almanacs: These almanacs are not specific to any particular subject, they contain a wide range of information on various topics, such as weather forecasts, astronomical data, historical events, and recipes.

 

Almanics, Types, Example, History تقاویم یا المینک کی تاریخ ، تعریف، اور مثالیں Read More »

Al- Fehrist Catalogure or Biblio graphy الفہرست کیٹلاگ یا ببلوگرافی

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Muhammad ibn Ishaq al-Nadim, also known as Al-Nadim or Al-Fihristi, was a Muslim scholar and bibliographer who lived in the 10th century. He is best known for his work Al-Fihrist (The Catalogue), a bibliography of books and authors from

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the Islamic Golden Age. Al-Nadim was born in Baghdad, in what is now Iraq, during the reign of the Abbassid Caliphate. He was well-educated and fluent in Arabic and Persian. He was a member of the court of the Caliph al-Muqtadir and worked as a bookseller and a scribe. His Al-Fihrist is considered one of the most important primary sources for the study of the Islamic intellectual and literary tradition. He is also known for his other works like Kitab al-Fihrist and Kitab al-Fihrist al-Mushtarak.

Al-Fihrist (The Catalogue) is a 10th-century bibliography written by the Muslim scholar Muhammad ibn Ishaq al-Nadim. The work is considered one of the most important sources for the study of the Islamic Golden Age, as it provides a comprehensive list of books and authors from that time period, along with information about their contents and the libraries in which they were housed. The book covers a wide range of subjects, including theology, law, literature, history, and science. It is written in Arabic and is divided into two sections: the first lists books by author, and the second lists books by subject. The Al-Fihrist is an important primary source for the study of the Islamic intellectual and literary tradition.

The Al-Fihrist contains around 300,000 entries, which list the titles of books, their authors, and brief descriptions of their contents. The entries cover a wide range of subjects, including theology, law, literature, history, science, and more. It is considered one of the most comprehensive lists of books and authors from the Islamic Golden Age.

The exact date of publication of Al-Fihrist is not known. It is believed to have been written in the 10th century, during the Islamic Golden Age. According to some historians, it was completed around 987 CE while others suggest it was written between 987-982 CE. It was written by the Muslim scholar Muhammad ibn Ishaq al-Nadim in Baghdad, which was then the capital of the Abbassid Caliphate. The Al-Fihrist is an important primary source for the study of the Islamic intellectual and literary tradition and it is considered one of the most comprehensive lists of books and authors from the Islamic Golden Age.

Al- Fehrist Catalogure or Biblio graphy الفہرست کیٹلاگ یا ببلوگرافی Read More »

Where was the first known catalogue of the world found?دنیا کا پہلا معروف کیٹلاگ کہاں پایا گیا؟

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The first known catalog of the world is believed to have been created by the ancient Egyptians around 3,000 years ago. The catalog, known as the Alexandria Library, was created by Ptolemy I Soter, who was the ruler of Egypt in the 3rd century BCE. The library was located in Alexandria, Egypt, and it was one of the most famous libraries of the ancient world. The Alexandria Library was considered to be the first known public library in the world and it held a vast collection of books and manuscripts from all over the world, covering a wide range of subjects including literature, science, philosophy, and history. The catalog of the library was said to have been divided into several sections, each of which was dedicated to a specific subject, and it was organized using a system of classification and organization similar to the modern Dewey Decimal Classification system.

It’s worth noting that the Alexandria Library was not the only library that existed in the ancient world, but it was the most famous and most comprehensive of its time. The library was destroyed several times and the catalog and the books were lost, but it remains an important part of history and a symbol of the value of knowledge and learning.

Where was the first known catalogue of the world found?دنیا کا پہلا معروف کیٹلاگ کہاں پایا گیا؟ Read More »

Who maintains ‘official catalogue’ in libraries?لائبریریوں میں ‘سرکاری کیٹلاگ’ کون رکھتا ہے؟

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The official catalog in libraries is typically maintained by library staff. This includes librarians, catalogers, and other library professionals who are responsible for creating, updating, and managing the catalog.

The process of creating and maintaining the catalog involves cataloging and classifying the library’s materials according to established standards, such as the Library of Congress Classification (LCC) or Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) systems. This involves adding bibliographic information about the items, such as the title, author, publication date, and a call number or other identifier that can be used to locate the item on the library shelves.

The catalog is usually maintained using a library management software, such as an Integrated Library System (ILS) or a Library Automation System, which allows library staff to easily add, update, and manage the catalog. Some libraries may also outsource the cataloging process to a third-party vendor.

It’s worth noting that the official catalog is not only used by the library staff but also by the patrons to locate, request and place holds on items, check their account and many more.

Who maintains ‘official catalogue’ in libraries?لائبریریوں میں ‘سرکاری کیٹلاگ’ کون رکھتا ہے؟ Read More »

What is a ‘public catalogue’ in term of library?لائبریری کی اصطلاح میں ‘عوامی کیٹلاگ’ کیا ہے؟

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A public catalog, in terms of libraries, refers to a catalog that is accessible to the general public. This typically means that the catalog is available online and can be searched by anyone with an internet connection, without the need for a library card or other form of authentication. The catalog contains bibliographic information about the items in the library’s collection, such as books, journals, and other materials, and can be searched by keyword, author, title, subject, or other bibliographic data. The public catalog also allows users to check the availability of the item, place holds and request for interlibrary loan.

Some libraries may also have a public catalog that is accessible within the library, but it’s not as common as the online catalog. In this case, the public catalog would typically be a computer system or a terminal that is available for use by patrons within the library, allowing them to search the library’s collection and access information about the items.

A public catalog is different from an internal catalog which is usually accessible only to library staff and not to the general public.

What is a ‘public catalogue’ in term of library?لائبریری کی اصطلاح میں ‘عوامی کیٹلاگ’ کیا ہے؟ Read More »

What are the physical forms of library catalogue?لائبریری کیٹلاگ کی طبعی شکلیں کیا ہیں؟

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The physical forms of library catalogs include:

  1. Card catalog: This is the traditional form of library catalog, which consists of physical cards that are organized alphabetically by author, title, or subject. Each card contains bibliographic information about a specific item, such as the title, author, and publication date, as well as a call number that is used to locate the item on the library shelves.
  2. Book catalog: This is a catalog that is printed in book form, it is organized alphabetically by author, title, or subject, and it contains bibliographic information about the items in a library’s collection.
  3. Microform catalog: This is a catalog that is stored on microfilm or microfiche, it is organized alphabetically by author, title, or subject, and it contains bibliographic information about the items in a library’s collection.
  4. Electronic catalog: This is a digital catalog, it can be accessed through a computer or other electronic device. It contains bibliographic information about the items in a library’s collection, and it can be searched by keyword, author, title, subject, or other bibliographic data.

It’s worth noting that the traditional physical forms of catalogs such as card catalog, book catalog, and microform catalog are not widely used anymore, and most libraries today use online catalogs or integrated library systems that are digital.

What are the physical forms of library catalogue?لائبریری کیٹلاگ کی طبعی شکلیں کیا ہیں؟ Read More »

What are the various types of library catalogue?لائبریری کیٹلاگ کی مختلف اقسام کیا ہیں؟

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There are several types of library catalogs, including:

  1. Card catalog: This is the traditional form of the library catalog, which consists of physical cards that are organized alphabetically by author, title, or subject. Card catalogs were widely used in the past, but they have been largely replaced by digital catalogs.
  2. Online catalog: This is the most common type of library catalog today, it is a digital catalog that is accessible through the internet. Online catalogs can be searched by keyword, author, title, subject, or other bibliographic data. It allows users to access to library’s resources from remote locations and it also allows for interlibrary loan and resource sharing.
  3. Integrated Library System (ILS) or Library Automation System: This is a software package that is used to manage and automate the functions of a library, such as cataloging, circulation, and acquisitions. An ILS typically includes an online catalog, which can be searched by patrons, as well as a variety of other tools that are used by library staff.
  4. Union catalog: This is a catalog that contains the bibliographic records of multiple libraries, usually within a certain region or organization. Union catalogs can be used to locate materials held by other libraries, and they are often used in interlibrary loan and resource sharing programs.
  5. National catalog: This is a catalog that contains bibliographic records of items held by libraries throughout a country. The most famous example is the Library of Congress catalog which is the national catalog of the United States.
  6. Virtual catalog: This is a catalog that does not have physical collections, but it includes the bibliographic records of items that are available online.

It’s worth noting that each type of catalog has its own characteristics, and the best type of catalog for a particular library will depend on the library’s specific needs, budget, and resources.

What are the various types of library catalogue?لائبریری کیٹلاگ کی مختلف اقسام کیا ہیں؟ Read More »

What is the difference between a catalogue and biblography?کیٹلاگ اور کتابیات میں کیا فرق ہے؟

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A catalog and a bibliography are both tools used to organize and locate information, but they serve different purposes and have different characteristics.

A catalog is a list of items that are organized and described in a systematic way. It is typically used to organize and locate physical items such as books, manuscripts, and other library materials. Catalogs can be classified into several types: subject catalog, author catalog, title catalog and so on. They can be in physical format, such as card catalogs, or digital format, such as online library catalogs.

On the other hand, a bibliography is a list of sources that have been used or consulted in the research or writing of a particular work. It is typically used to organize and cite sources used in academic or scholarly research, such as books, articles, and other publications. A bibliography is usually found at the end of a research paper, book, or other written work and it can be in different format such as MLA, APA, Chicago, etc. It can also be classified into different types such as primary and secondary sources.

In summary, a catalog is used to locate and organize physical items, while a bibliography is used to cite and organize sources used in research.

What is the difference between a catalogue and biblography?کیٹلاگ اور کتابیات میں کیا فرق ہے؟ Read More »

What is world-cat.?Explain?

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WorldCat is a global library catalog, which is maintained by OCLC (Online Computer Library Center). It is the largest and most comprehensive catalog of library collections in the world, containing over 400 million bibliographic records representing materials held by more than 72,000 libraries in 170 countries.

WorldCat allows users to search for and locate books, journals, articles, and other materials held by libraries worldwide, as well as access to digital resources such as e-books, audiobooks, and databases. The catalog includes a wide range of materials, including books, journals, newspapers, manuscripts, maps, music, sound recordings, videos, and more.

Users can search WorldCat by keywords, author, title, subject, ISBN, or other bibliographic data. They can also limit their search by location, language, and format. The WorldCat records include information such as title, author, publication date, ISBN, and summary of contents.

In addition to being a useful tool for researchers and patrons looking for specific materials, WorldCat can also be used by libraries to identify and acquire materials held by other libraries, through interlibrary loan or resource sharing programs.

It’s worth noting that WorldCat is different from the Library of Congress catalog, which is another important catalog but it only lists the collection of the Library of Congress.

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Sources of Library Acquisition کتب خانوں میں حصول مواد کے ذرائع

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There are several sources of library acquisition, including:

  1. Vendors and Publishers: Libraries can purchase books, journals, and other materials directly from vendors and publishers. These vendors and publishers may specialize in certain subject areas or formats, such as e-books or audiobooks.
  2. Interlibrary loan: Libraries can borrow materials from other libraries through interlibrary loan programs. This allows libraries to access materials that they do not own or that are not available through vendors or publishers.
  3. Donations: Libraries can also acquire materials through donations from individuals, organizations, and other libraries. These donations may be in the form of books, journals, manuscripts, or other types of materials.
  4. e-resources: Libraries can also acquire electronic resources such as databases, e-books and e-journals. These resources can be accessed online and provide patrons with access to a wide range of information.
  5. Digital library: Libraries can also acquire digital library collections, which are a set of digital objects that can be stored and shared online. These collections may include books, images, audio, and video files, and provide patrons with access to a wide range of digital resources
  6. Government agencies: Libraries can also acquire materials from Government agencies such as National library, State Libraries and other government departments.
  7. Library consortia: Libraries can also acquire materials through a library consortia. Consortia are a group of libraries that band together to purchase materials, such as e-books or databases, at a reduced cost.

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