LIS Studies

Explain USMARC?

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USMARC (US Machine-Readable Cataloging) is a set of standards for creating and formatting bibliographic records for library materials. It was developed by the Library of Congress in the late 1960s and early 1970s, and has been widely adopted by libraries in the United States and around the world. The USMARC format is a machine-readable format, which means that it is designed to be used by computer systems to store and retrieve bibliographic information.

The USMARC format includes a set of data elements, such as title, author, publication date, and subject headings, that are used to describe the resource. The format also includes a set of rules for how the data elements should be organized and formatted, so that the information can be easily understood by both humans and computer systems.

The USMARC format is divided into three main parts: the leader, the directory, and the variable fields. The leader contains information about the bibliographic record, such as its length and the type of resource it describes. The directory contains information about the location of the variable fields within the record. The variable fields contain the actual data elements of the bibliographic record, such as the title, author, publication date, and subject headings.

USMARC is widely used in libraries, and it is one of the most common formats for bibliographic records, especially in the US. However, with the increasing use of linked data and the need for data to be more interoperable, USMARC is being replaced by other formats such as RDF, BIBFRAME and schema.org

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What is a shared responsibility?مشترکہ ذمہ داری کیا ہے؟

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In cataloging, shared responsibility refers to the situation where multiple individuals or organizations have played a significant role in the creation or production of a resource. This can include authors, editors, illustrators, translators, and publishers, among others. When there is shared responsibility for a resource, the bibliographic record for that resource typically includes the names of all individuals and organizations that have played a significant role, along with their respective roles or contributions.

For example, a book may have multiple authors, an editor, a translator, and a publisher. In this case, the bibliographic record will include the names of all these individuals and organizations, and their roles. Similarly, a government document may have been produced by multiple government agencies, so the names of all agencies will be included in the record, along with their respective roles in the production of the document.

Shared responsibility can also refer to the situation where multiple institutions are involved in the care, preservation and access of a resource. These institutions are the custodian and the others that have a shared responsibility of the resource.

What is a shared responsibility?مشترکہ ذمہ داری کیا ہے؟ Read More »

Explain predominant name? غالب نام کی وضاحت کریں؟

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In cataloging, the predominant name refers to the name of the primary author or creator of a resource, which is typically used as the main entry in the bibliographic record. This name is used as the primary way to identify and locate the resource in a catalog or database. The predominant name is usually the name that appears first on the title page of a book, or at the beginning of an article or other publication, and is the name that is used to alphabetize the resource within a catalog or bibliography.

The choice of predominant name is based on the cataloging rules and conventions, and it can be the personal name of the author, corporate name or the main heading of a name if the resource is written by multiple authors. These rules also take into account the name’s form and the resources format, in order to make sure that the primary name for any resource is chosen in a consistent and standardized way.

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Who is called personal author?ذاتی مصنف کسے کہتے ہیں؟

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A personal author is an individual who is responsible for the intellectual content of a resource, such as a book, article, or manuscript. Personal authors are typically the creators of original works, such as novelists, poets, and nonfiction writers, but can also include editors, translators, and other contributors who have a significant role in shaping the content of a resource. Personal authors are generally listed first in the bibliographic record for a resource, and their names are typically included in the cataloging information, along with other information such as the title and publication details of the resource.

Who is called personal author?ذاتی مصنف کسے کہتے ہیں؟ Read More »

Explain ‘other Title information’ in respect of cataloguing?کیٹلاگنگ کے سلسلے میں ‘دیگر عنوان کی معلومات’ کی وضاحت کریں؟

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In cataloging, “other title information” refers to any additional information that is included in the title of a resource, such as subtitles, parallel titles, or translations. This information can be important for identifying and differentiating similar resources, and is typically included in the bibliographic record for a resource to help users find it more easily. Other title information can also include statements of responsibility, such as the names of authors, editors, or translators, and can also include information about the format or edition of a resource.

Explain ‘other Title information’ in respect of cataloguing?کیٹلاگنگ کے سلسلے میں ‘دیگر عنوان کی معلومات’ کی وضاحت کریں؟ Read More »

What is meant by mixed responsibility in cataloguing? کیٹلاگ میں مخلوط ذمہ داری سے کیا مراد ہے؟

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Mixed responsibility in cataloguing refers to the situation where more than one entity is responsible for the creation or maintenance of a catalog record. This can occur in a variety of situations, such as when a library outsources cataloging to a vendor, or when multiple libraries collaborate to create a shared catalog. In these cases, the responsibility for the accuracy and completeness of the catalog record is shared among the different entities involved.3

What is meant by mixed responsibility in cataloguing? کیٹلاگ میں مخلوط ذمہ داری سے کیا مراد ہے؟ Read More »

Define the word library science?لفظ لائبریری سائنس کی تعریف کریں؟

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Library science is a field that deals with the organization, collection, and dissemination of information, typically through the operation of libraries. It includes the study of issues related to the acquisition, cataloging, classification, storage, retrieval, and preservation of library materials, as well as the management and leadership of libraries and the development of library systems and services. Library science professionals work in a variety of settings, including public libraries, academic libraries, and special libraries, and may be involved in activities such as collection development, reference services, research assistance, and instruction in the use of library resources.

Define the word library science?لفظ لائبریری سائنس کی تعریف کریں؟ Read More »

What is meant by hierarchy in classification?درجہ بندی میں درجہ بندی سے کیا مراد ہے؟

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In classification, the term “hierarchy” refers to a system of organization in which items are arranged in a series of levels or categories, with the most general categories at the top and the most specific categories at the bottom. This creates a logical structure that allows items to be grouped and organized in a meaningful way.

For example, in the Dewey Decimal Classification system, the main categories are represented by the digits 0-9, and the subcategories are represented by decimal numbers. This creates a hierarchy of categories, with the most general categories (represented by the digits 0-9) at the top, and more specific categories (represented by the decimal numbers) at the bottom.

In general, hierarchies are used in classification systems to create a logical and organized structure for the items being classified, making it easier to locate and access specific items. Hierarchies can also be used to reflect the relationships between different items or categories, and they can be used to represent complex or nuanced relationships in a clear and concise way.

What is meant by hierarchy in classification?درجہ بندی میں درجہ بندی سے کیا مراد ہے؟ Read More »

When was LCC first time published?

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The Library of Congress Classification (LCC) system was first developed in the late 19th century by the Library of Congress in the United States. It was first published in 1898, and has been revised and expanded several times since then to keep up with changes in knowledge and technology. The LCC system is used by many libraries around the world, particularly in the United States, to organize and classify their materials in a way that makes it easy for patrons to find what they are looking for.

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What is a main class in classification system?درجہ بندی کے نظام میں ایک اہم کلاس کیا ہے؟

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In a library classification system, a main class is a broad category that is used to group together books and other materials that have similar subject matter or content. These main classes are usually organized according to a hierarchical system, with the main classes at the top and more specific subclasses below them.

For example, in the Dewey Decimal Classification system, which is a commonly used library classification system, the main classes are organized into 10 broad categories:

  1. Philosophy and psychology
  2. Religion
  3. Social sciences
  4. Language
  5. Pure science
  6. Technology
  7. Arts and recreation
  8. Literature
  9. History and geography
  10. Miscellaneous

Within each main class, there are further subclasses and categories that are used to organize the materials in more detail. For example, within the main class “Pure science,” there are subclasses for specific scientific disciplines such as mathematics, physics, and biology.

In general, the main class in a library classification system is used to group together materials that share similar content or subject matter, and it provides a framework for organizing and accessing the materials within the library.

What is a main class in classification system?درجہ بندی کے نظام میں ایک اہم کلاس کیا ہے؟ Read More »

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