Annotation refers to the process of adding information or notes to a text, image, or other data. This information can include comments, explanations, translations, or other relevant details that help to understand or interpret the original content. Annotation can be used in a variety of fields, including linguistics, computer science, and biology. In the context of machine learning and natural language processing, annotation is the process of marking up data to be used in training models.
Types
There are several types of annotation, depending on the field and context. Some common types include:
Text annotation: Adding information or notes to a written document, such as comments, translations, or summaries.
Image annotation: Adding information or labels to an image, such as identifying objects, people, or landmarks.
Video annotation: Adding information or labels to a video, such as identifying objects, people, or actions.
Audio annotation: Adding information or labels to an audio file, such as transcribing speech or identifying specific sounds.
Linguistic annotation: Adding information or labels to text to analyze linguistic features, such as part-of-speech tagging or syntactic parsing.
Semantic annotation: Adding information or labels to text to analyze meaning, such as named-entity recognition or coreference resolution.
Sentiment annotation: Adding information or labels to text to analyze sentiment or emotion, such as positive, negative or neutral.
These are just a few examples, and there are many other types of annotation depending on the specific context or field.
Importance:
Annotation is important for several reasons, particularly in the field of machine learning and natural language processing. Some key reasons include:
Training and testing data: Annotation is used to create labeled data sets that can be used to train machine learning models. Without annotation, it would be difficult to train models to perform tasks such as language translation or image recognition.
Improving model performance: Annotated data sets can be used to test and evaluate machine learning models, allowing developers to fine-tune the model and improve its performance.
Human-in-the-loop: Annotation can be used to involve human experts in the machine learning process, allowing them to provide feedback and correct errors that may be made by the model.
Understanding and interpreting data: Annotation can be used to add context and meaning to data, making it easier to understand and interpret.
Interoperability: Annotation can be used to standardize data across different systems, allowing it to be shared and reused more easily.
Domain-specific tasks: Annotation is a crucial step in the development of machine learning models for specific domains such as medical, legal and finance, where the data needs to be labeled in a specific way.
Overall, annotation is a critical component in the development and use of machine learning models, and it plays a key role in improving the accuracy and performance of these models.
here are a few examples of annotation in different fields:
Image annotation: Annotating an image of a street scene to identify and label the different objects in the image, such as cars, buildings, and pedestrians.
Video annotation: Annotating a video of a soccer game to identify and label different events, such as goals, fouls, and offsides.
Audio annotation: Annotating an audio recording of a speech to transcribe the speech and identify speakers.
Linguistic annotation: Annotating a text to identify and label different parts of speech, such as nouns, verbs, and adjectives.
Semantic annotation: Annotating a text to identify and label named entities, such as people, organizations, and locations.
Sentiment annotation: Annotating a text to identify and label the sentiment or emotion expressed in the text, such as positive, negative or neutral.
Medical annotation: Annotating a medical image to identify and label different structures and organs, such as tumors, blood vessels and bones.
Legal annotation: Annotating legal documents to identify and label specific legal terms and concepts, such as contracts, statutes, and case law.
These are just a few examples, and there are many other types of annotation depending on the specific context or field.
Annotation has a long history, with roots in fields such as linguistics, literature, and art. Some key milestones in the history of annotation include:
Ancient times: Annotation has been used for centuries to add notes and commentary to written texts. Examples can be found in ancient texts such as the Talmud, which includes extensive commentary on the Hebrew Bible.
Renaissance: The Renaissance saw the development of the marginalia, which is the practice of adding notes and commentary in the margins of books. This was a common practice among scholars and intellectuals during this time.
19th century: The field of linguistics began to use annotation to analyze language, with scholars such as Franz Bopp and August Schleicher developing methods for annotating linguistic features such as phonetics and grammar.
20th century: With the advent of computer technology, annotation began to be used in fields such as computer science and artificial intelligence. Researchers began to use annotation to train computer programs to understand and process natural language.
21st century: With the rise of machine learning and artificial intelligence, annotation has become increasingly important. Annotated data sets are used to train machine learning models, and annotation is also used to improve the performance of these models. Additionally, annotation has become a key aspect of human-in-the-loop systems, where humans are involved in the machine learning process to provide feedback and correct errors.
Overall, annotation has a long history that spans many different fields, and it continues to play an important role in many areas of research and application today.
Library consortia are groups of libraries that work together to achieve common goals. These goals may include the sharing of resources, the purchase of materials at a reduced cost, and the provision of services to patrons.
Library consortia can be formed at different levels, such as local, regional, national, or international. They can consist of different types of libraries, such as public libraries, academic libraries, school libraries, and special libraries.
Consortia can be formed for different purposes, such as resource sharing, collective collection development, shared cataloging, shared technical services, and shared delivery services. Some consortia are formed to negotiate better terms with vendors and publishers.
The benefits of consortia include:
Access to a wider range of resources: Consortia allow libraries to share resources and to access materials that they would not be able to acquire on their own.
Cost savings: Consortia can negotiate better pricing for materials and services, which allows libraries to stretch their budgets further.
Improved services: Consortia can provide patrons with improved services, such as interlibrary loan and document delivery, which allow them to access resources from other libraries.
Collaboration and networking: Consortia allow libraries to collaborate and network with other libraries, which can lead to the sharing of best practices and the development of new services.
Overall, library consortia are a way to cooperate and share resources and services among libraries, allowing them to be more effective and efficient in meeting the needs of their patrons and communities.
History of Library Consortia
The history of library consortia can be traced back to the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when libraries began to form cooperative networks to share resources and reduce costs. One of the earliest examples of a library consortium was the New York State Library’s Delivery Service, which was established in 1894 and allowed libraries to share resources and to receive books and other materials from other libraries.
In the mid-20th century, the concept of library consortia began to expand, with the formation of regional and national consortia. One of the first regional consortia was the Ohio College Library Center (OCLC), which was established in 1967 and allowed libraries in Ohio to share resources and to access materials from other libraries.
In recent years, the use of technology has enabled the formation of consortia that reach beyond regional and national boundaries. For example, the Online Computer Library Center (OCLC) is a global library consortium that allows libraries to share resources and to access materials from other libraries around the world.
Library consortia have become an important part of library service, as they allow libraries to share resources, reduce costs and improve services to patrons. They also allow libraries to collaborate and network with other libraries, which can lead to the sharing of best practices and the development of new services.
Today, library consortia continue to evolve and adapt to meet the changing needs of libraries and their patrons. They also play a vital role in the digital age by offering access to digital resources, subscriptions and other online services.
Types of Library Consortia:
There are several types of library consortia, including:
Resource Sharing Consortia: These consortia focus on sharing resources, such as books and other materials, among member libraries. This type of consortia can be used to provide patrons with access to a wider range of resources and to reduce the cost of acquiring materials.
Technical Services Consortia: These consortia focus on sharing technical services, such as cataloging and preservation, among member libraries. This type of consortia can be used to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of technical services and to reduce costs.
Delivery Services Consortia: These consortia focus on sharing delivery services, such as interlibrary loan and document delivery, among member libraries. This type of consortia can be used to improve the speed and efficiency of delivery services and to reduce costs.
Digital Library Consortia: These consortia focus on sharing digital resources and services, such as e-books, e-journals, and databases, among member libraries. This type of consortia can be used to provide patrons with access to a wider range of digital resources and to reduce the cost of acquiring digital materials.
Regional and National Consortia: These consortia are composed of libraries from a specific region or country. They are focused on providing access to resources, services, and programs to their members.
Subject-based Consortia: These consortia are formed based on a specific subject such as medicine, law, business and so on. They are focused on providing access to resources, services, and programs in their specific subject area.
Virtual Consortia: These consortia are formed by a group of libraries that share resources and services electronically. They can be used to provide patrons with access to a wider range of resources and to reduce the cost of acquiring materials.
Overall, each type of library consortia is tailored to meet the specific needs and goals of its members, and it’s important for libraries to choose the right type of consortia for their needs.
importance and need of library consortia:
Library consortia are important and necessary for several reasons:
Access to a wider range of resources: Library consortia allow libraries to share resources and to access materials that they would not be able to acquire on their own. This allows patrons to have access to a wider range of information and resources.
Cost savings: Library consortia can negotiate better pricing for materials and services, which allows libraries to stretch their budgets further. This is especially important for small and rural libraries that may not have the resources to purchase materials and services on their own.
Improved services: Library consortia can provide patrons with improved services, such as interlibrary loan and document delivery, which allow them to access resources from other libraries.
Collaboration and networking: Library consortia allow libraries to collaborate and network with other libraries, which can lead to the sharing of best practices and the development of new services. This is especially useful for small and rural libraries that may not have the resources or expertise to develop new services on their own.
Enhance access to digital resources: Library consortia are also important in the digital age as they provide access to digital resources, subscriptions and other online services, which allows patrons to have access to a wider range of information and resources.
Standardization and Integration: Library consortia can help to standardize procedures and integrate services and resources, which can improve the overall efficiency and effectiveness of library services.
Overall, library consortia are an essential tool for libraries to effectively serve their patrons and communities. They enable libraries to share resources, reduce costs, and improve services in a coordinated and collaborative way.
Artificial intelligence (AI) can be used in many different ways to improve the services offered by libraries and make the library experience more efficient and convenient for patrons. Some examples of AI applications in libraries include recommendation systems, which use algorithms to suggest similar or related materials based on a patron’s borrowing history and interests; search optimization, which helps improve the accuracy and relevancy of search results by analyzing the content of library resources and patron queries; digital assistants, which provide information about library resources and services to patrons through a library’s website or mobile app; chatbots, which interact with patrons and provide assistance with tasks such as renewing books and finding resources; and collection management, which helps libraries analyze and maintain their collections by identifying high-demand resources and analyzing the content of library materials. Overall, the use of AI in libraries can help improve the efficiency and effectiveness of library services, making it easier for patrons to access the resources they need.
Keywords: Academic libraries, Pakistan, Public Libraries, Special Library, National libraries, Workers, all Types of Libraries in Pakistan
Background of AI in Libraries:
Artificial intelligence (AI) has been used in libraries for several decades, with the first AI applications being developed in the 1980s. Early AI applications in libraries focused on automating tasks such as cataloging and classification, as well as improving the accuracy and relevancy of search results.
As AI technology has developed over the years, libraries have been able to use more advanced AI applications to improve their services. For example, libraries can now use recommendation systems to suggest similar or related materials to patrons based on their borrowing history and interests, and chatbots to provide assistance with tasks such as renewing books and finding resources.
In recent years, the use of AI in libraries has become more widespread, with many libraries adopting AI-powered digital assistants and chatbots to provide information and assistance to patrons. Some libraries have also started using AI to analyze and understand the content of library resources, which can help improve the organization and categorization of library materials.
Overall, the use of AI in libraries has evolved significantly over the years and continues to be an important tool for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of library services.
Artificial Intelligence use in Libraries:
There are many ways in which artificial intelligence (AI) can be used in libraries to improve the services they offer and make the library experience more efficient and convenient for patrons. Some examples of AI applications in libraries include:
Recommendation systems: AI can be used to recommend books, articles, and other resources to patrons based on their past borrowing history and interests. Recommendation systems are a type of artificial intelligence (AI) application that can be used in libraries to recommend books, articles, and other resources to patrons based on their past borrowing history and interests. These systems use algorithms to analyze the resources that a patron has borrowed in the past and use this information to suggest similar or related materials that the patron may be interested in.
For example, if a patron has borrowed several books on a particular topic, the recommendation system might suggest other books on that topic or related topics. The recommendations can be personalized to each patron, so the suggestions made to one patron may be different from those made to another patron based on their unique borrowing history and interests.
Recommendation systems can be accessed through a library’s website or through a mobile app, and they can be a convenient way for patrons to discover new resources that they may not have found on their own. They can also help librarians to promote and highlight underutilized resources in the collection.
Search optimization: AI can help improve the accuracy and relevancy of search results by analyzing and understanding the content of library resources and the queries patrons enter. Search optimization is the process of improving the accuracy and relevancy of search results for a particular query. In the context of libraries, search optimization can be used to help patrons more easily find the resources they are looking for within a library’s collection.
Search optimization is the process of improving the accuracy and relevancy of search results for a particular query. In the context of libraries, search optimization can be used to help patrons more easily find the resources they are looking for within a library’s collection. Artificial intelligence (AI) can be used to help improve search optimization in libraries by analyzing and understanding the content of library resources and the queries that patrons enter. For example, an AI system might be able to recognize synonyms or related terms for a particular search query and use this information to return more relevant results.
AI can also be used to analyze the content of library resources and understand the main topics or themes covered in each resource. This information can be used to improve the accuracy and relevancy of search results by matching the content of resources with the search queries that patrons enter.
Overall, the use of AI in search optimization can help patrons more easily find the resources they need, improving the efficiency and effectiveness of library services.
Artificial intelligence (AI) can be used to help improve search optimization in libraries by analyzing and understanding the content of library resources and the queries that patrons enter. For example, an AI system might be able to recognize synonyms or related terms for a particular search query and use this information to return more relevant results.
AI can also be used to analyze the content of library resources and understand the main topics or themes covered in each resource. This information can be used to improve the accuracy and relevancy of search results by matching the content of resources with the search queries that patrons enter.
Overall, the use of AI in search optimization can help patrons more easily find the resources they need, improving the efficiency and effectiveness of library services.
Digital assistants: Libraries can use AI-powered digital assistants to answer patron questions and provide information about library resources and services. Digital assistants are computer programs that are designed to assist users with tasks and provide information on demand. In the context of libraries, digital assistants can be used to provide information about library resources and services to patrons.
These assistants can be accessed through a library’s website or through a mobile app, and they use artificial intelligence (AI) to understand and respond to patron queries. For example, a patron might ask a digital assistant about the availability of a particular book, and the assistant would be able to provide information on the availability of that book at the library and any other relevant details.
Digital assistants can also be used to answer general questions about the library and its services, such as operating hours, location, and policies. They can provide a convenient way for patrons to access information and assistance without needing to speak to a librarian directly.
Overall, the use of digital assistants in libraries can help improve the efficiency and convenience of library services by making it easier for patrons to access the information they need.
Chatbots: Libraries can use chatbots to interact with patrons and provide assistance with tasks such as renewing books, placing holds, and finding resources. Chatbots are computer programs that are designed to simulate conversation with human users, often through messaging applications, mobile apps, or websites. In the context of libraries, chatbots can be used to interact with patrons and provide assistance with tasks such as renewing books, placing holds, and finding resources.
Chatbots use artificial intelligence (AI) to understand and respond to patron queries and requests. For example, a patron might ask a chatbot about the availability of a particular book, and the chatbot would be able to provide information on the availability of that book at the library and any other relevant details.
Chatbots can also be used to answer general questions about the library and its services, such as operating hours, location, and policies. They can provide a convenient way for patrons to access information and assistance without needing to speak to a librarian directly.
Collection management: AI can be used to analyze library collections and identify resources that are in high demand, helping librarians to make informed decisions about purchasing and stocking new materials. Collection management is the process of organizing and maintaining a library’s collection of resources, including books, articles, and other materials. Artificial intelligence (AI) can be used to help with collection management by analyzing library collections and identifying resources that are in high demand.
For example, an AI system might analyze the borrowing history of a library’s collection and identify resources that are frequently borrowed or requested. This information can be used to inform purchasing and stocking decisions, allowing librarians to prioritize the acquisition of high-demand materials.
AI can also be used to analyze the content of library resources and understand the main topics or themes covered in each resource. This information can be used to improve the organization and categorization of library materials, making it easier for patrons to find the resources they need.
Overall, the use of AI in collection management can help libraries make more informed decisions about their collections and improve the efficiency and effectiveness of their services.
literature review
There has been a significant amount of research and literature on the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in libraries. Some key findings and trends from this literature include:
Improved efficiency and effectiveness: Many studies have found that the use of AI in libraries can help improve the efficiency and effectiveness of library services, by automating tasks, improving the accuracy and relevancy of search results, and providing more personalized recommendations to patrons.
Enhanced patron experience: Several studies have found that the use of AI in libraries can improve the patron experience by making it easier for patrons to access information and resources and providing more convenient and efficient services.
Increased access: The use of AI in libraries can help increase access to library resources and services, particularly for patrons who are unable to visit the library in person. For example, AI-powered chatbots and digital assistants can provide assistance to patrons remotely.
Challenges and limitations: While the use of AI in libraries can bring many benefits, there are also some challenges and limitations to consider. These include the need for sufficient data to support AI applications, the cost of implementing and maintaining AI systems, and the need to develop policies and procedures to govern the use of AI in library services.
The literature suggests that the use of AI in libraries has the potential to significantly improve the efficiency and effectiveness of library services and enhance the patron experience, but there are also important challenges and limitations to consider.
Why we use AI in Libraries ?
There are several reasons why libraries may choose to use artificial intelligence (AI) in their services. Some of the main benefits of using AI in libraries include: Some of the main benefits of using AI in libraries include:
Improved efficiency: AI can help automate tasks and processes in libraries, allowing librarians to focus on more high-level tasks and providing patrons with more efficient service. For example, AI can be used to answer patron questions, renew books, and place holds, freeing up librarians to spend more time on tasks such as collection management and programming.
Enhanced patron experience: AI can help improve the patron experience by making it easier for patrons to access information and resources. For example, recommendation systems and chatbots can help patrons discover new materials and provide assistance with tasks such as finding resources and placing holds.
Improved accuracy: AI can help improve the accuracy of search results and recommendations by analyzing and understanding the content of library resources and patron queries. This can help patrons more easily find the resources they need and discover new materials that they may be interested in.
Increased access: Libraries can use AI to provide services to patrons remotely, such as through chatbots or digital assistants. This can make it easier for patrons to access information and assistance, even if they are unable to visit the library in person.
Enhanced patron experience: AI can help improve the patron experience by making it easier for patrons to access information and resources. For example, recommendation systems and chatbots can help patrons discover new materials and provide assistance with tasks such as finding resources and placing holds.
The use of AI in libraries can help improve the efficiency and effectiveness of library services, making it easier for patrons to access the resources they need. The use of AI in libraries can help improve the efficiency and effectiveness of library services, making it easier for patrons to access the resources they need.
Future of AI in Libraries:
It is likely that artificial intelligence (AI) will continue to play an important role in the future of libraries. As AI technology continues to advance, libraries may be able to use more advanced AI applications to improve their services and make the library experience more convenient and efficient for patrons.
Some potential future developments for AI in libraries might include:
Improved recommendation systems: AI-powered recommendation systems could become more sophisticated, using more data sources and advanced algorithms to provide more accurate and personalized recommendations to patrons.
Enhanced digital assistants: Digital assistants could become more intelligent and capable of answering a wider range of patron queries and providing more detailed information about library resources and services.
Virtual librarians: Libraries could use AI to provide virtual librarian services, such as answering patron questions and providing assistance with tasks such as finding resources and placing holds.
Personalized learning: Libraries could use AI to provide personalized learning experiences to patrons, based on their interests and needs. This could include customized reading lists, learning plans, and other resources.
Overall, the use of AI in libraries is likely to continue to evolve and grow in the future, and it will be an important tool for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of library services.
Requirements for AI in Libraries:
There are several requirements that libraries should consider when implementing artificial intelligence (AI) in their services. Some of the key considerations include:
Data: AI systems often require large amounts of data to be effective, so it is important for libraries to ensure that they have access to sufficient data sources to support their AI applications. This could include data on patron borrowing history, resource usage, and search queries, as well as data on the content of library resources.
Infrastructure: Libraries will need to have the necessary infrastructure in place to support AI applications, such as servers, storage, and networking equipment. They may also need to invest in specialized hardware and software to support AI applications.
Expertise: Libraries will need to have access to experts with the necessary skills and knowledge to implement and maintain AI applications. This could include data scientists, software developers, and AI specialists.
Budget: Implementing AI in libraries can be expensive, so it is important for libraries to have a budget in place to support the development and maintenance of AI applications.
Policies and procedures: Libraries will need to develop policies and procedures to govern the use of AI in their services, including guidelines for data privacy and security, as well as ethical considerations.
Recommendation:
Here are a few additional points to consider when thinking about the need for artificial intelligence (AI) in libraries:
Improved collection management: AI can be used to help libraries analyze and maintain their collections by identifying high-demand resources and analyzing the content of library materials. This can help libraries make more informed decisions about their collections and improve the organization and categorization of library materials.
Enhanced programming and outreach: Libraries can use AI to analyze patron data and understand the needs and interests of their communities. This can help libraries design more effective programming and outreach efforts, and target their resources more effectively.
Improved data analysis: AI can help libraries analyze large amounts of data more efficiently, allowing them to gain insights into patron behavior and usage patterns. This can inform decision-making and help libraries better understand their patrons’ needs and preferences.
Enhanced security: AI can be used to help libraries protect their resources and patrons by detecting and preventing security threats, such as unauthorized access to library systems or materials.
The use of AI in libraries can bring many benefits in terms of improving the efficiency, effectiveness, and security of library services.
Pakistani Libraries and AI
It is likely that AI will play a significant role in Pakistani libraries in the future. Some ways AI may be used in libraries include:
Automation of routine tasks such as cataloging, data entry, and circulation management
Personalization of recommendations for books and other resources
Text and image recognition for digitization of library collections
Use of natural language processing for improved search functionality
Development of virtual reality and augmented reality technologies for enhanced learning experiences
Use of chatbots to provide 24/7 customer service
However, it is important to note that the implementation of AI in Pakistani libraries will also depend on factors such as funding, infrastructure, and government support.
The current status of AI in Pakistani libraries is not satisfactory, but it is likely that AI is not widely used in Pakistani libraries yet. However, with the increasing adoption of technology and the growth of digital resources, it is possible that more libraries in Pakistan may begin to explore the use of AI in the future.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to significantly improve the services offered by libraries and make the library experience more efficient and convenient for patrons. AI can be used in many different ways in libraries, including recommendation systems, search optimization, digital assistants, chatbots, and collection management.
The use of AI in libraries has already evolved significantly over the years and is likely to continue to grow in the future. Libraries that are interested in implementing AI in their services should consider the requirements and resources necessary to support AI applications, including data, infrastructure, expertise, budget, and policies and procedures.
We cannot refuse the importance of library laws. Library laws become very helpful for the establishment, betterment and contribution of the libraries. Many countries of the world make their own laws and regulation for their libraries. Neighbor country India’s different states like, Madras, Andhra pardais, Mosor, Maharashtra and Eastern Bengal implemented library rules for their public libraries. Frank M. Gardner studied 14 countries’ library laws, he found library laws very necessary for the success and safety of libraries. America, Norway, Denmark and many other school’s libraries have their laws.
In Pakistan “Shams-ul-mah Dawood Pota Sindh Government library, Hyderabad” have importance that this institution established according to the act of ‘The Sindh Cultural Advancement Act, 1955’ but according to Dr. Anees Khursheed this law is never excepted for the successful of libraries as compared to the libraries established without any act. After the establishment of Pakistan, there was a need to save the rare documents in a systematic way, so the professional related to this field making strategies to save these pieces of knowledge. Society for the Promotion and Improvement of Libraries, SPIL (1961) gave the first library law in a seminar (Karachi). In which they highlight the importance and welfare of libraries and their role for the education. Hakim Muhamad Seed gave this law to the government for the purpose of acceptance.
Since 1957, PLA plays an important role for the establishment of libraries, first conference of PLA was presided by President, General Sikander Mirza which was held in Karachi (9-12, January, 1957). He gave the address on the importance on libraries. After this, many acts and policies were added and changed according to the need of time.
Some applied acts:
Public libraries act, 1989
Model Public Libraries Act for Provinces
Library Act for Sindh
Public Library Network in Pakistan
National Library Act
In 1998, different heads of libraries gave new laws and instruction for modern library system. They modified old laws and make new implementation according to the modern time. National library of Pakistan doing good job for the development of libraries and copyright works. It serves as depository of some international organizations like Asian development bank, international labor organization, and US department of Publications etc. The library is National ISBN Agency for Pakistani Publications. All the libraries (academic, special, public, national) work according to the laws and regulations.
Libraries are as old as human civilizations. These are important institutions for human and national buildings. Suppose libraries were not important institutions for the last 5000 years; they would have died out long ago. Libraries are places for culture and knowledge preservation. It plays an essential role in society. It creates opportunities for literacy, learning and educations. It shapes the new ideas for a creative and innovative society. It ensures an authentic record of knowledge created by the past generation. Libraries are unique places for educational resources, where people thirst their research quench. It provides 100% safe access to educational resources free of cost. All resources at the library are free without spending money. Those are books, access to the Internet and academic training programmes.
Libraries are helpful in local economies. Many people have argued that libraries are not concerned with the economy, but it plays a crucial role in financially strengthening the local economy. It provides free Internet, workspace and material that help the communities to find jobs and similar opportunities. It buys hardware, software and information that help people in finding opportunities.
Libraries make communities healthier with their resources and it is known as centres for curation, health and wellbeing. It also offers internet facilities where people seek health information and services.
Libraries are the most significant sources of preserving history and truth. In today age, information which is available on the Internet is fake and not authentic. Libraries house centuries of learning, history, information and reality and are great defenders of the fight against misinformation.
Libraries connect communities to share their ideas freely under a roof, like town halls, public parks, and other community centres. Libraries are hubs of communities for sharing good thoughts. It brings people of different caste, creeds and races into one place.
Libraries help people to elevate themselves and their situations in the right direction. It is an excellent source for people connection, where one feels comfortable and peaceful environment to sit there for long hours. As libraries are portals to all of the world’s knowledge, librarians preserve these records for today’s generation and forthcoming.
Libraries are excellent sources of value to the neighbourhood. Those people living near public libraries are great opportunists in enhancing their quality of life. Even public libraries are valuable places for meetings. Libraries are sources of community gathering for social issues and decision making. People of communities come and sit together and share their views.
Libraries break down boundaries and offer free literacy programmes for low-literate and non-English people. It also provides outreach programmes that teach the community of multicultural and multilingual society. It is an excellent source for home-bound elderly, institutionalized individuals, prisoners, blind and hearing-impaired people.
The writer is a library officer at the Institute of Strategic Studies Islamabad (ISSI). He can be reached at [email protected].
Libraries are as old as human civilizations. These are important institutions for human and national buildings. Suppose libraries were not important institutions for the last 5000 years; they would have died out long ago. Libraries are places for culture and knowledge preservation. It plays an essential role in society. It creates opportunities for literacy, learning and educations. It shapes the new ideas for a creative and innovative society. It ensures an authentic record of knowledge created by the past generation. Libraries are unique places for educational resources, where people thirst their research quench. It provides 100% safe access to educational resources free of cost. All resources at the library are free without spending money. Those are books, access to the Internet and academic training programmes.
Libraries are helpful in local economies. Many people have argued that libraries are not concerned with the economy, but it plays a crucial role in financially strengthening the local economy. It provides free Internet, workspace and material that help the communities to find jobs and similar opportunities. It buys hardware, software and information that help people in finding opportunities.
Libraries make communities healthier with their resources and it is known as centres for curation, health and wellbeing. It also offers internet facilities where people seek health information and services.
Libraries are the most significant sources of preserving history and truth. In today age, information which is available on the Internet is fake and not authentic. Libraries house centuries of learning, history, information and reality and are great defenders of the fight against misinformation.
Libraries connect communities to share their ideas freely under a roof, like town halls, public parks, and other community centres. Libraries are hubs of communities for sharing good thoughts. It brings people of different caste, creeds and races into one place.
Libraries help people to elevate themselves and their situations in the right direction. It is an excellent source for people connection, where one feels comfortable and peaceful environment to sit there for long hours. As libraries are portals to all of the world’s knowledge, librarians preserve these records for today’s generation and forthcoming.
Libraries are excellent sources of value to the neighbourhood. Those people living near public libraries are great opportunists in enhancing their quality of life. Even public libraries are valuable places for meetings. Libraries are sources of community gathering for social issues and decision making. People of communities come and sit together and share their views.
Libraries break down boundaries and offer free literacy programmes for low-literate and non-English people. It also provides outreach programmes that teach the community of multicultural and multilingual society. It is an excellent source for home-bound elderly, institutionalized individuals, prisoners, blind and hearing-impaired people.
The writer is a library officer at the Institute of Strategic Studies Islamabad (ISSI). He can be reached at [email protected].
Library is a collection or group of collections of books and/or other print or nonpoint materials organized and maintained for use (reading, consultation, study, research, etc.) (ODLIS).In addition, we can define libraries as a structure, location, or area that houses collections of sources, resources, and services. It is a place where knowledge is organized in a systematic way for individuals who are interested to access it, such as books, newspapers, magazines, manuscripts, recordings, and other things. There are two types of libraries: libraries based on formats and libraries based on structure.
Library by Structure: National Library, Academic Library, Public Library, Special library.
Library by Formats: Traditional/Print Library, Digital Library and Hybrid Library
Purpose and Function of Libraries
1). National Library: Serve as the preeminent repository of information for that country. Also, their main function is to reservation and promotion of the national cultural heritage of the nation of that country.
2). Public library: Are social institutions based on the concept of democracy. i.e. for the people, by the people, and of the people. Anyone can visit, get membership and use it. Everyone has an equal right to use it.
3). Academic libraries: Are established in schools, colleges, universities and other educational intuitions and these are established to fulfill the academic needs of students, teachers and researchers
4). Special Library: Established and funded by a commercial firm, private association, government agency, nonprofit organizational or special interest group to meet the information needs of its employees, members, or staff in accordance with the interest of its host organizations missions and goals.
Emergence of Unique Libraries
There are wonderful libraries all over the world that are well-known for their extensive collections and services. But there is an issue that when someone wants to read, one’s cannot always go to the great libraries.People who live in rural locations may not even have access to a school library or a public library in their town. As a result, for persons living in rural places or with limited access to books and other reading materials, quite creative solutions have been found to provide them with library access, including transporting books to their doorsteps in some circumstances. Thy emerged as name of unique librariesUnique libraries don’t have traditional structures and embrace unusual shapes and forms, but they all serve the same purpose: to provide people with books to enjoy and learn from. Some famous unique libraries around the world are followings:
Mobile Library
Camel Library
Library Ship
Beach Library
Library on Public Bus
Vended Machine Library
Library in Salon
An Open Garden Library
Others Unique libraries.
1). Bookmobile or Mobile Library
A bookmobile, sometimes known as a mobile library, is a vehicle that can be used as a library. Throughout history, they have been referred to as travelling libraries, library wagons, book wagons, book trucks, library-on-wheels, and book vehicle services.
Bookmobiles help traditional libraries reach more people by carrying books to potential readers and giving library services to those in underserved areas (such as rural areas) (such as residents of retirement homes). The services and contents provided by bookmobiles (such as Internet connectivity, large print books, and audiobooks) can be tailored to the specific regions and demographics serviced.
2). Camel Library
Camels not only carry load or give you a ride on the beach, yet can also carry books on their backs. In 1985, the Kenya National Library Service launched a programme to help nomadic communities, where literacy rates are as low as 15% and reading materials are scarce. The book-carrying camels set up camp in open areas, where anyone who wants to read can go, choose a book, read it, and then return it to the book trunk. Camels transport books and other reading materials from one location to another.
Camel libraries are also found in other places, such as Mongolia and Pakistan (Baluchistan etc.) Mobile camel library carries books to children in Baluchistan villages (November 2020)In these countries in specific areas, camels are still used to access remote regions.
3). Library Ship
On Islands in Fjords, Norway, a book boat known as ‘Epos’ sails with 6000+ books to more than 250 small communities on islands in Fjords, Norway. Epos sails every year between September and April.On board the ship
There are the captain, a cook, a couple of librarians and one or two entertainers, which make this library a unique experience. It was started in 1959, the service is funded by the libraries of the three counties — Hordaland, SogonogFjordane and More ogRomsdal — that it serves. In summer, the floating library turns into a leisure cruise ferry
4). Beach Library
While on a beach, you walk on the sand or venture in the water for a swim. However, sometimes after a tiring swim or while sun bathing, one feels like picking up a book to read. You must have seen a few avid readers laying on the beach with a book for company.For such people there is a library on the sandy beach of Bulgarian Black Sea resort.
It was German architect Herman Kompernas’ idea to build a library there and he stocked it with over 2,500 books in 10 languages, now over 6,000 books in more than 15 languages. Guests can borrow the books for free and leave their own for others to read.Now beaches in many other countries have started having libraries which have gained popularity with beach and book lovers.
5). Library on a Public Bus
Brazilian bus collector Antonio da ConceiçãoFerreira, has a passion for reading, and this passion inspired him to create what he calls, ‘Culture on the Bus’. He transformed the bus he rides, into a small library.
Buses in other countries have also been spotted having a small shelf for passengers to pick up a book and pass away the time. Initially, he carried a cardboard box full of books and wrote the names of people who took the books, but now the books are lined on a shelf inside the bus and passengers can read while riding. He does not care if people return the books or not, as the idea is that the books are passed from person to person
6). Vending Machine Libraries
You can not only take out your favorite soft drink from a vending machine, but can also pay a fee and vend out a book you wish to read.
The concept of book-vending machine is not new, but in recent years more and more libraries are being set up on busy streets, at train stations and in shopping centers.
7). Library in Salon
In the state of Tamil Nadu, in the city of Thoothukudi, a barber by profession (PonMariyappa), he encourages reading by having a small library in his salon.
He keeps books instead of magazines and newspapers for his customers, to encourage the habit of reading. And the use of mobile phones is also prohibited in the salon. Moreover, the person who reads gets a 30 percent discount on the services.
8). An Open Garden Library
The Levinski Garden Library was established in Israel to help migratory workers and refugees. This outdoor library, located in a Tel Aviv park, has books in 15 languages. There are no doors, guards, or barriers in the library. The 3,500 books are organized on two lit shelves: one for adults and one for youngsters.
The library stays open late at night to welcome people who want to rest and read beneath its big umbrella.
Other Unique Libraries
Other unique libraries have also been founded in the world, few of them are following:
Tiny Free Libraries
Phone Booth Library
Donkey Library
Do you know any?
Recommendation & Conclusion
We have seen that many unique libraries have emerged around the world in different places with their specific purposes. In our country, Pakistan, so many unique or new types of libraries can be built in different places, which can promote reading habits and fulfill others purpose of library. Following are some areas where we can build unique libraries in different places in the countries that can offer books or reading materials to people to enjoy and learn from them. Such as: Mentioned above Libraries in park street libraries on transport place and in transport vehicles as well.
Dr. Raiz Ahmed Saeed, Dr. Saeed-ur-Rahaman, Rauf Ahmed, Abid Hussain
Abstract
Interfaith dialogue has become one of the most significant and interesting activities in contemporary socio-political and socio-religious global scenario due to its crucial role in the peace process and peaceful interfaith relations. Many groups of scholars, institutes, organizations, and even governments are promoting the activities regarding interfaith relations. Meanwhile, it is also assumed that Pakistan is one of the countries where interfaith dialogue activities are arranged officially on the state level. In this study, efforts are made to review statistically and to index the literature produced by Pakistani scholars and universities. A mixed
method research methodology is adopted for this study with a bibliometric approach to find out results. Almost 136 theses & dissertations have been produced by scholars in a wide range of Pakistani Universities on interfaith Dialogue, religious debates, harmony, and relations. The research produced by male scholars was 71 (52.21 %) and most 49 (36%) productive era was from 2011 to 2015. The majority of the research was for Master (38%) and MS/M.Phil (34%) level degrees and about one-fifth of the theses were on the theme of “Interfaith Dialogue in Pakistani context”. Therefore, it is suggested that the course on interfaith dialogue, harmony, and relations should be taught at M. Phil and Ph.D. Level in the discipline of Islamic studies and social sciences.
Impact of Libraries on Economic DevelopmentImpact of Libraries on Economic Development
Economic development is a constant commitment to advancing human existence with quality of life including socio-cultural, political, economic, and general welfare of the people.Libraries play a vital role to the mentally growth of societies, as they gain knowledge for their career, educational, household and economically purpose. Access to information is one of the primary factors in economic development goals. Increased access to information and knowledge, underpinned by universal literacy, is an essential pillar of economic development “Ensure public access to information and protect fundamental freedoms, in accordance with national legislation and international agreement” (IFLA (2015). Increasing the access of information and knowledge across society,the availability ofinformation and communications technologies (ICTs), supports economic development and improves people’s lives.
“The Lyon Declaration on Access to Information and Development shows that libraries, information intermediaries, and development organizations are united behind the inclusion of access to information in the development framework”
With the underlying economic realities in our countrytheeconomy growth is at the stage of developing as inclusively, sustainably, and conductively; libraries intentionally focus on collecting, storing, and disseminating information across different sectors of the economy and bringing about a significant reduction in poverty and increased improvement of the economy.With the impact of libraries on the different institutional’ economy sections, it is shocking that the involvement of libraries in economically development policies has not been sufficiently defined. “Effective inclusion of Library and information services for sustainable development policies are continuously lacking” (Mngutyo et al., 2020).
The library extends its roles to see that all sectorshave global access to information resources and services tailored to the need of every sector especially economic needs. The growing presence of special libraries within private and public establishments makes it possible for the library to reach the specialized information needs of the organizations.Libraries of all kinds are all together helping to circulate needed information services to the respective sectors of the economy leading to the growth and development of the country. Valantin (2014) notes that the ability of the government to develop effective policies and plans depends on its capacity to interpret information relevant to the country’s economic, social, cultural, and financial situation.
Libraries, however, require sound policies to provide the necessary framework for the development of information and communication systems and services to meet the needs of all sectors’ economically requirements. Human knowledge is habitually enriched by information; hence, the collective intellectual abilities of a nation that is; human capital, which will also depend on access to information through a well-equipped library.
