January 2, 2023

Reference Listحوالوں کی فہرست

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A reference list is a list of sources that have been cited in a research paper, article, or another document. The reference list is usually included at the end of the document and provides complete bibliographic information for each source, including the author’s name, the title of the work, the publication date, and the publication information. The reference list allows readers to locate the sources cited in the document and verify the accuracy and reliability of the information being presented.

In most citation styles, the reference list is arranged alphabetically by the last name of the first author of each source. The formatting of the reference list may vary depending on the citation style being used. For example, in the American Psychological Association (APA) citation style, the reference list is formatted with the author’s name, the publication year, the title of the work, and the publication information, all separated by periods. In the Modern Language Association (MLA) citation style, the reference list is formatted with the author’s name, the title of the work, and the publication information, all separated by commas.

There are many different types of reference lists that can be used, depending on the citation style being followed and the context in which the list is being used. Some common types of reference lists include:

  1. Bibliographies: A list of sources used or consulted in the preparation of a research paper or other document.
  2. Works Cited: A list of sources cited in the text of a research paper or other document.
  3. References: A list of sources used or cited in a research paper or other document. This term is often used interchangeably with “bibliography” and “works cited.”
  4. Endnotes: A list of citations or annotations that appear at the end of a document or book, rather than in the main body of the text.
  5. Footnotes: A list of citations or annotations that appear at the bottom of a page, rather than in the main body of the text.
  6. Parenthetical references: A system of citing sources in which the author’s name and the publication date are given in parentheses in the text, rather than in a separate list.
  7. Harvard-style references: A system of citing sources in which the author’s name and the publication date are given in parentheses in the text, and the full citation is given in a reference list at the end of the document.
  8. APA-style references: A system of citing sources used by the American Psychological Association, in which the author’s name and the publication date are given in parentheses in the text, and the full citation is given in a reference list at the end of the document.
  9. MLA-style references: A system of citing sources used by the Modern Language Association, in which the author’s name is given in parentheses in the text, and the full citation is given in a works cited list at the end of the document.

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Reference book

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A reference book is a type of book that is intended to be used as a resource for finding information on a wide range of topics. Reference books are typically organized in an alphabetical or thematic manner and include information that is intended to be used as a quick and reliable source of information. Examples of reference books include dictionaries, encyclopedias, atlases, and handbooks. These books are often used in libraries, schools, and other educational settings as a resource for research and learning. They can also be found in homes and offices as a source of information for everyday use.

There are many different types of reference books, including:

  1. Dictionaries: These provide definitions and pronunciation guides for words in a particular language.
  2. Encyclopedias: These provide detailed information on a wide range of topics, such as history, science, and art.
  3. Atlases: These contain maps and other geographic information, such as population statistics and climate data.
  4. Thesauruses: These provide synonyms and antonyms for words.
  5. Almanacs: These contain a wide range of facts and figures, such as dates of holidays, astronomical data, and historical events.
  6. Handbooks: These provide practical information and guidance on a particular subject or activity.
  7. Directories: These list names, addresses, and other contact information for individuals or organizations.
  8. Statistic and data sources: These provide numerical information and data on a wide range of topics, such as economic indicators, population statistics, and political polls.

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Recreational reading

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Recreational reading is the act of reading for enjoyment, rather than for work or study. Recreational reading can be done for a variety of purposes, such as to relax, to escape from everyday life, to learn something new, or to be entertained. Recreational reading can take many forms, including reading books, magazines, or online articles, and can be done in a variety of settings, such as at home, in a park, or on a beach. Many people find recreational reading to be an enjoyable and rewarding hobby, and there is a wide range of materials available to suit different interests and preferences.

There are many different types of materials that can be used for recreational reading, including:

  1. Books: These can include fiction, non-fiction, and poetry, and can cover a wide range of genres, such as mystery, romance, science fiction, and biographies.
  2. Magazines: These can focus on a particular subject or interest, such as fashion, food, or current events, and often include articles, interviews, and photographs.
  3. Online articles: These can be found on websites and blogs and can cover a wide range of topics, such as news, entertainment, and personal interests.
  4. Graphic novels: These are books that tell a story using a combination of words and illustrations, and can include genres such as science fiction, fantasy, and horror.
  5. Audiobooks: These are recordings of books that can be listened to on a device or through a streaming service.
  6. Comics: These are collections of illustrated stories that can be found in print or online.
  7. Poetry: These are collections of written works that are designed to be read for enjoyment and often focus on themes such as love, nature, and emotions.

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Recall notice

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A recall notice is a notification issued by a manufacturer or government agency to inform consumers that a product being sold has been found to be defective or potentially dangerous. The notice will typically provide information about the problem with the product and what steps consumers should take to address it, such as returning the product to the manufacturer for a refund or repair. Recall notices are typically issued when a product poses a serious risk to consumers, such as if it could cause injury or death. They are usually distributed through various channels, such as the media, the manufacturer’s website, and social media, to ensure that as many consumers as possible are made aware of the recall.

There are several types of recall notices that can be issued, depending on the severity of the problem with the product and the potential risk to consumers. These types of recalls include:

  1. Safety Recall: This is the most serious type of recall and is issued when a product poses a serious risk of injury or death to consumers.
  2. Correction notice: This type of recall is issued when a product does not meet certain safety standards or regulations, but the risk to consumers is not considered to be severe.
  3. Recall expansion: This type of recall is issued when a recall that has already been announced is being expanded to include additional products or models.
  4. Consumer advisory: This type of recall is issued when a product poses a potential risk to consumers, but the risk is not considered to be severe. Consumers are advised to use caution when using the product or to stop using it altogether.
  5. Voluntary recall: This type of recall is initiated by the manufacturer or distributor of the product, rather than being mandated by a government agency.
  6. Forced recall: This type of recall is ordered by a government agency, such as the US Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), when a product poses a serious risk to consumers and the manufacturer or distributor is unwilling or unable to initiate a recall on their own.

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Quick Reference Collectionفوری حوالہ مجموعہ

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A quick reference collection is a collection of materials that are designed to provide quick and easy access to information on a wide range of topics. These materials can include reference books, such as dictionaries, encyclopedias, and atlases, as well as other resources, such as maps, charts, and graphs. Quick reference collections are often found in libraries, schools, and other educational institutions, as well as in businesses and other organizations. The purpose of a quick reference collection is to provide users with fast and easy access to information they need to complete tasks, answer questions, or learn new things.

Some common types of materials found in a quick reference collection include:

  1. Dictionaries: These provide definitions and pronunciation guides for words in a particular language.
  2. Encyclopedias: These provide detailed information on a wide range of topics, such as history, science, and art.
  3. Atlases: These contain maps and other geographic information, such as population statistics and climate data.
  4. Thesauruses: These provide synonyms and antonyms for words.
  5. Almanacs: These contain a wide range of facts and figures, such as dates of holidays, astronomical data, and historical events.
  6. Handbooks: These provide practical information and guidance on a particular subject or activity.
  7. Directories: These list names, addresses, and other contact information for individuals or organizations.
  8. Statistic and data sources: These provide numerical information and data on a wide range of topics, such as economic indicators, population statistics, and political polls.

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Quarterly publication

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A quarterly publication is a magazine or journal that is published four times a year, typically every three months. These publications often cover a specific subject or industry and are distributed to subscribers or sold on newsstands. Examples of quarterly publications include academic journals, business magazines, and industry newsletters. These publications can be useful sources of information for people who want to stay up to date on developments in a particular field or industry.

There are many different types of quarterly publications, including:

  1. Academic journals: These are scholarly publications that focus on a specific field of study and are often peer-reviewed.
  2. Business magazines: These publications cover topics related to business, finance, and economics and are often aimed at professionals working in these fields.
  3. Industry newsletters: These publications provide updates and news about a particular industry, such as technology, healthcare, or manufacturing.
  4. Literary magazines: These publications feature fiction, poetry, and other forms of creative writing.
  5. Art and design magazines: These publications showcase the work of artists, designers, and photographers and often include interviews, articles, and other features about the creative process.
  6. Lifestyle magazines: These publications cover a wide range of topics, including fashion, food, travel, and home design, and are often aimed at a general audience.
  7. Political and current affairs magazines: These publications provide analysis and commentary on political and social issues.
  8. Sports magazines: These publications cover various sports and often include features, interviews, and analysis of games and players.

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Publication dateتاریخ اشاعت

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The publication date of a journal or magazine is the date on which it is made available to the public. This can be the date that the print edition is made available for purchase, or the date that the digital edition is made available online. The publication date is typically listed on the cover of the magazine or journal, and it is used to identify the issue and distinguish it from previous and future issues. Some publications are released on a regular schedule, such as weekly, monthly, or quarterly, while others may be published less frequently, such as annually or biannually. The publication date is often used to identify the relevance and currency of the content contained within the publication.

There are several different types of publication dates that can be used to identify the release of a journal or magazine. Some of the most common types of publication dates include:

  • Print publication date: This is the date on which the print edition of a magazine or journal is made available for purchase. This is typically the primary publication date for print publications, and it is often listed on the cover of the magazine or journal.
  • Digital publication date: This is the date on which the digital edition of a magazine or journal is made available online. Digital publications may be released on the same date as the print edition, or they may be released earlier or later depending on the publication schedule.
  • Embargo date: This is the date on which content from a magazine or journal is made available to the public, but it is not yet allowed to be published or disseminated by other sources. Embargo dates are often used to allow time for journalists and other media outlets to review and report on the content before it is widely available.
  • On-sale date: This is the date on which a magazine or journal is made available for purchase in stores or online. This date may be different from the print or digital publication date, and it is often used to coordinate the release of the publication with the distribution and marketing efforts of the publisher.

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Professional /trade journalپیشہ ورانہ / تجارتی جریدہ

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Professional or trade journals are publications that are targeted at a specific profession or industry. These types of journals are often published by professional organizations or trade associations and are intended to provide information and resources to professionals working in a particular field. Trade journals typically cover topics that are relevant to the specific profession or industry they serve, and they may include articles written by experts in the field, as well as news, research findings, and other information that is of interest to professionals working in that field. Trade journals are often published on a regular basis, such as monthly or quarterly, and they may be available in print or digital format. Some examples of trade journals include the Journal of the American Medical Association (for doctors and other medical professionals), the ABA Journal (for lawyers and legal professionals), and Publishers Weekly (for professionals in the publishing industry).

There are many different types of professional or trade journals, each serving a specific profession or industry. Some examples of trade journals include:

  • Medical journals: These journals cover topics related to the medical field, such as new research findings, clinical guidelines, and best practices. Examples include the New England Journal of Medicine, the Lancet, and the Journal of the American Medical Association.
  • Legal journals: These journals cover topics related to the legal profession, such as new laws, court cases, and legal trends. Examples include the Harvard Law Review, the ABA Journal, and the Yale Law Journal.
  • Business and finance journals: These journals cover topics related to business and finance, such as management strategies, investment opportunities, and economic trends. Examples include the Harvard Business Review, Forbes, and the Wall Street Journal.
  • Engineering journals: These journals cover topics related to engineering, such as new technologies, research findings, and best practices. Examples include the IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, the Journal of Civil Engineering, and the Journal of Mechanical Engineering.
  • Agriculture journals: These journals cover topics related to agriculture, such as new technologies, research findings, and best practices. Examples include the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, the American Journal of Agricultural Economics, and the Journal of Animal Science.

The history of professional or trade journals dates back to the early 19th century, when the first scientific and medical journals were published. These early journals were intended to provide a forum for the exchange of ideas and information among professionals in a particular field. Over time, trade journals have evolved to cover a wide range of professions and industries, and today they are an important source of information and resources for professionals around the world.

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Popular magazineمشہور رسالہ

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Popular or general interest magazines are publications that are designed to appeal to a wide audience and cover a variety of topics. These magazines are often found on newsstands and in stores, and they may be published in print or digital format. They can cover a wide range of topics, including news, entertainment, lifestyle, sports, science and technology, and more. Some popular magazines are published weekly, while others are published monthly or less frequently. Popular magazines are often aimed at a general audience, rather than a specific niche or demographic, and they may feature articles, photos, and other content that is intended to be of interest to a broad range of readers.

There are many different types of popular and general interest magazines and journals, each with its own unique focus and audience. Some examples of popular magazines include:

  • News magazines: These magazines cover current events and often have a political focus. Examples include Time, Newsweek, and The Economist.
  • Entertainment magazines: These magazines cover the entertainment industry and often feature celebrity interviews and gossip. Examples include People, Entertainment Weekly, and InTouch.
  • Lifestyle magazines: These magazines cover a wide range of topics, including fashion, home decor, health, and relationships. Examples include Vogue, Good Housekeeping, and Men’s Health.
  • Sports magazines: These magazines cover various sports and often include articles about athletes and teams. Examples include Sports Illustrated, ESPN The Magazine, and Golf Digest.
  • Science and technology magazines: These magazines cover advances in science and technology and often include articles about new inventions and discoveries. Examples include Popular Science, Wired, and National Geographic.

The history of magazines dates back to the early 17th century, when the first magazines were published in Europe. These early magazines were often focused on specific topics, such as politics, science, or literature, and were aimed at educated readers. Over time, magazines have evolved to cover a wide range of topics and appeal to a wide variety of audiences. Today, magazines are published in print and digital formats and can be found on newsstands, in stores, and online.

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Plagiarismادبی چوری

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Plagiarism is the act of using someone else’s work or ideas as your own, without proper attribution. It can take many forms, such as copying and pasting text from a source directly into a paper or assignment, using someone else’s research or ideas without proper citation, or even rewording someone else’s work without giving credit. Plagiarism is considered a serious offense in academic and professional settings, as it undermines the integrity of the work being presented and can damage the reputation of the person committing the act.

There are several types of plagiarism, including:

  1. Copying and pasting text directly from a source, without using quotation marks or proper citation.
  2. Using someone else’s ideas or research without proper citation.
  3. Paraphrasing someone else’s work, but not giving proper credit.
  4. Submitting someone else’s work as your own.
  5. Self-plagiarism is reusing work that you have previously published or submitted as part of a new assignment.

The history of plagiarism is difficult to trace, as the concept of intellectual property has evolved over time. However, the idea of giving credit to the original creator of a work has been around for centuries, and laws protecting intellectual property have been in place for hundreds of years. In modern times, plagiarism has become a more pressing issue with the widespread availability of information on the internet, which makes it easier to access and copy other people’s work.

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