A journal is a book in which someone writes down their thoughts, experiences, and feelings. It can be a helpful way to process emotions and reflect on one’s life. Some people use journaling as a form of self-expression or as a creative outlet, while others find it helpful for organizing their thoughts and setting goals. There is no one “right” way to keep a journal – the important thing is to find a method that works for you.
ISBN (International Standard Book Number) is a unique 10- or 13-digit identifier that is assigned to books and other printed materials to identify and distinguish them from one another. The ISBN is used by booksellers, libraries, and other organizations to identify and track books and other published materials.
The ISBN is issued by the International ISBN Agency, which is responsible for assigning and managing ISBNs. Each ISBN is unique to a specific book or publication, and it is used to identify and locate that specific book or publication. The ISBN is typically included on the copyright page of a book, and it is also used in bibliographic databases to help identify and locate specific books and other published materials.
ISBNs are useful for librarians, booksellers, and other professionals who need to keep track of and access published materials. They help to ensure that these materials can be accurately and consistently identified and tracked over time.
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Ibid is short for the Latin term “ibidem,” which means “in the same place.” It is used in academic writing as a way to refer to a previously cited source, typically in a list of references or a bibliography. For example, if you are writing a paper and you have already cited a source, you can use ibid to refer to that same source later in your paper without repeating the full citation. Instead, you can simply use ibid followed by the page number(s) if the reference is to a specific page in the source. For example: “According to Smith (2020), the earth is round (p. 23). Ibid., p. 27.” This means that you are referring to the same source (Smith, 2020) on page 27 as you previously cited on page 23.
Ibid لاطینی اصطلاح "ibidem" کے لیے مختصر ہے جس کا مطلب ہے "ایک ہی جگہ"۔ یہ علمی تحریر میں استعمال کیا جاتا ہے ایک طریقہ کے طور پر جس کا حوالہ پہلے دیا گیا ماخذ ہے، عام طور پر حوالہ جات یا کتابیات کی فہرست میں۔ مثال کے طور پر، اگر آپ ایک مقالہ لکھ رہے ہیں اور آپ نے پہلے ہی ایک ماخذ کا حوالہ دیا ہے، تو آپ مکمل حوالہ دہرائے بغیر اپنے مقالے میں بعد میں اسی ماخذ کا حوالہ دینے کے لیے ibid استعمال کر سکتے ہیں۔ اس کے بجائے، اگر حوالہ ماخذ میں کسی مخصوص صفحہ کا ہو تو آپ آسانی سے ibid کا استعمال کر سکتے ہیں جس کے بعد صفحہ نمبر (s)۔ مثال کے طور پر: "سمتھ (2020) کے مطابق، زمین گول ہے (p. 23). Ibid.، p. 27." اس کا مطلب ہے کہ آپ صفحہ 27 پر اسی ماخذ (Smith, 2020) کا حوالہ دے رہے ہیں جیسا کہ آپ نے پہلے صفحہ 23 پر حوالہ دیا تھا۔
A government document is a document that is produced by a government agency or department. It can be a report, a publication, a statistical analysis, a policy statement, or another type of document that is produced as part of the official business of the government. Government documents can be published in print or digital format and may be available to the public through libraries, government agencies, or online. They can cover a wide range of topics, including economics, social policy, health, education, defense, and many others. Government documents are often considered to be reliable sources of information because they are produced by official sources and are subject to review and oversight.
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Electronic information resources are digital materials that are used for research or other purposes. They can include electronic books (e-books), electronic journals (e-journals), databases, websites, and other types of digital content. Electronic information resources are typically accessed via a computer or other electronic device with an internet connection. They can be accessed remotely, from anywhere with an internet connection, and can often be accessed through a library or other subscription service. Electronic information resources have several advantages over traditional print materials, including the ability to search for specific words or phrases, the ability to access materials from anywhere with an internet connection, and the ability to access older materials that may not be available in print.
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An edition is a version of a book, periodical, or other published work that has been revised or updated. It is a specific printing of a work, and it may include changes, corrections, or updates to the original version. Editions are usually numbered, and the number is often used to distinguish one edition from another. For example, the first edition of a book is the first time it has been printed, the second edition is the second printing with changes or updates, and so on. Some works, particularly classics, may be republished in multiple editions with different introductions, annotations, or other additional materials.
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A Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is a unique string of characters that is used to identify and locate digital content, such as articles, datasets, and other research materials. It is a standard way of identifying and citing digital objects, and it enables users to access the content through a persistent link. A DOI is typically associated with a specific version of a work and does not change, even if the work is updated or moved to a different location. The DOI system is managed by the International DOI Foundation (IDF) and is used by many publishers, libraries, and research organizations around the world.
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A dissertation is a long, formal document that presents original research and is written as part of the requirements for a doctoral degree. It is typically a requirement for earning a Ph.D. or other doctoral degree. A dissertation is usually based on extensive research and demonstrates a candidate’s ability to contribute new knowledge to their field. It is typically organized into chapters and includes an introduction, literature review, methodology, results, and conclusion. The process of writing a dissertation is often a long and complex one, and it can take several years to complete.
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A dictionary is a reference book that provides meanings, pronunciation, etymology, and other information about words. It is a collection of words and their definitions, typically listed in alphabetical order. Dictionaries can be general, covering all areas of language, or specialized, covering a particular subject or language. Some dictionaries also include usage examples and synonyms or antonyms for the words they define. They are used to help people understand and learn the language, as well as to find the correct spelling and meaning of words.
A desk copy is a complimentary copy of a textbook or other publication that is provided to a professor or instructor for review and consideration for adoption as a course textbook. Publishers often provide desk copies to professors and instructors who are considering using a particular book in their courses, so that they can evaluate the book’s content and decide whether it is a good fit for their course. Desk copies are typically provided to professors and instructors free of charge, although some publishers may require instructors to pay for shipping or handling fees. If an instructor decides to adopt a book for a course, they may request additional copies of the book for their students to purchase.