artical

Library of Congress (LC) Classificationلائبریری آف (ایل سی) کی درجہ بندی

The Library of Congress Classification (LCC) is a system of library classification that is used to organize and arrange the books and other materials in the collections of the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C. The LCC system is also used by many other libraries in the United States and around the world to classify and organize their collections.

The LCC is a detailed and complex system that divides knowledge into 21 main classes and includes over 200,000 individual subject categories. The main classes are arranged alphabetically and cover a wide range of subjects, including literature, language, history, science, and technology. Within each main class, the individual subject categories are arranged by topic and are assigned a unique classification number.

The LCC system is designed to be flexible and adaptable, and it is regularly updated to reflect changes in knowledge and research. It is used to help librarians and researchers find and access the information they need, and to make it easier for users to browse and discover new materials in the library’s collection.

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Large book collectionکتابوں کا بڑا ذخیرہ

A large book collection is a group of books that have been accumulated over time and contain a significant number of volumes. A large book collection can be held by an individual, a library, or an organization, and can cover a wide range of subjects and genres. Building a large book collection can take years or even decades, and may require a significant investment of time and resources. Many people who have large book collections are passionate about reading and value the opportunity to access a wide range of knowledge and ideas. Large book collections can also be of significant value to researchers and scholars, as they can provide access to a wide range of information and historical perspectives.

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Keywordکلیدی لفظ

In the context of computing and online searches, keywords are words or phrases that are used to help identify and find specific content or information. Keywords are often used in search engines and databases to help users locate specific information or websites that are relevant to their search. Keywords can also be used in programming languages to identify specific variables, functions, or commands, and in other contexts to represent specific concepts or topics. Keywords are often chosen carefully, as they can play a significant role in how easily and effectively information can be found and accessed.

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Journalجرنل

A journal is a book in which someone writes down their thoughts, experiences, and feelings. It can be a helpful way to process emotions and reflect on one’s life. Some people use journaling as a form of self-expression or as a creative outlet, while others find it helpful for organizing their thoughts and setting goals. There is no one “right” way to keep a journal – the important thing is to find a method that works for you.

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Issueمسئلہ

An issue can refer to a problem or matter that needs to be addressed or resolved. It can also refer to a topic or theme that is being discussed or debated.

For example, an issue might be a problem that needs to be solved, such as a malfunctioning piece of equipment or a disagreement between two people. In this context, addressing the issue might involve fixing the equipment or finding a way to resolve the disagreement.

An issue can also refer to a topic or theme that is being discussed or debated, such as a social or political issue. In this context, an issue might be something like climate change, healthcare reform, or racial inequality. Discussing or addressing an issue in this sense might involve discussing the topic, considering different perspectives or solutions, and working towards finding a resolution or solution to the issue.

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Indexانڈیکس

An index is a list of words or phrases and the corresponding page numbers where those words or phrases can be found in a book, document, or other text. An index is typically found at the end of a book or document and is used to help readers find specific information quickly and easily. An index may also include cross-references, which are references to other places in the text where related or additional information can be found.

In addition to being a useful tool for readers, an index can also be an important part of the writing process. When creating an index, writers must carefully review their work and identify the key concepts and terms that are discussed in the text. They must then decide how these concepts and terms should be organized and listed in the index. This process can help writers clarify their own thinking about the content of their work and make it easier for readers to understand and follow the argument or discussion.

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Ibidابید

Ibid is short for the Latin term “ibidem,” which means “in the same place.” It is used in academic writing as a way to refer to a previously cited source, typically in a list of references or a bibliography. For example, if you are writing a paper and you have already cited a source, you can use ibid to refer to that same source later in your paper without repeating the full citation. Instead, you can simply use ibid followed by the page number(s) if the reference is to a specific page in the source. For example: “According to Smith (2020), the earth is round (p. 23). Ibid., p. 27.” This means that you are referring to the same source (Smith, 2020) on page 27 as you previously cited on page 23.

Ibid لاطینی اصطلاح "ibidem" کے لیے مختصر ہے جس کا مطلب ہے "ایک ہی جگہ"۔ یہ علمی تحریر میں استعمال کیا جاتا ہے ایک طریقہ کے طور پر جس کا حوالہ پہلے دیا گیا ماخذ ہے، عام طور پر حوالہ جات یا کتابیات کی فہرست میں۔ مثال کے طور پر، اگر آپ ایک مقالہ لکھ رہے ہیں اور آپ نے پہلے ہی ایک ماخذ کا حوالہ دیا ہے، تو آپ مکمل حوالہ دہرائے بغیر اپنے مقالے میں بعد میں اسی ماخذ کا حوالہ دینے کے لیے ibid استعمال کر سکتے ہیں۔ اس کے بجائے، اگر حوالہ ماخذ میں کسی مخصوص صفحہ کا ہو تو آپ آسانی سے ibid کا استعمال کر سکتے ہیں جس کے بعد صفحہ نمبر (s)۔ مثال کے طور پر: "سمتھ (2020) کے مطابق، زمین گول ہے (p. 23). Ibid.، p. 27." اس کا مطلب ہے کہ آپ صفحہ 27 پر اسی ماخذ (Smith, 2020) کا حوالہ دے رہے ہیں جیسا کہ آپ نے پہلے صفحہ 23 پر حوالہ دیا تھا۔

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Holdingsہولڈنگز

Holdings refer to the materials that a library, museum, or other organization has in its collection. It can include books, manuscripts, photographs, artifacts, and other types of materials. The holdings of an organization may be physical, meaning that the materials are stored on-site and can be accessed in person, or they may be digital, meaning that they can be accessed electronically. An organization’s holdings may be listed in a catalog or database and may be available for research or for the loan to patrons. The holdings of an organization can be used to understand the focus and scope of the organization’s collection and to identify resources that are available for research or study.

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Glossary

A glossary is a list of terms and their definitions, usually found at the end of a book or in a separate section of a website or other publication. It is a reference tool that provides explanations of technical, specialized, or unfamiliar words and phrases that are used in a particular field or subject area. A glossary is often used to help readers understand complex or technical material, and it can be a useful resource for finding definitions of terms that are used in a specific context. Glossaries may be organized alphabetically or by subject matter, and they may include pronunciation guides, examples of usage, or cross-references to other terms.

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Fine

A fine is a penalty, usually in the form of a monetary payment, that is imposed for breaking a law or rule. Fines are often used as a punishment for minor offenses, such as traffic violations or littering, and they are typically paid to the government or a regulatory agency. The amount of a fine is usually determined by the severity of the offense, and it is typically set by law or by a court. In some cases, fines may be accompanied by other penalties, such as community service or the loss of a privilege, such as a driver’s license.

In a library, a fine is a fee that is imposed for returning books or other materials after the due date. Libraries often have a fine policy in place to encourage patrons to return materials on time and to ensure that materials are available for others to use. The amount of the fine is usually based on the type of material and the length of the loan period, and it is typically set by the library. Some libraries may also charge a fee for lost or damaged materials. Fines can typically be paid at the library or online, and they are often waived or reduced if the materials are returned or replaced.

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