Questions & Answer

What is Parchment and its use in Libraries ? پارچمنٹ سے کیا مراد ہے

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Parchment is a material that is made from the skin of animals, such as sheep, goats, or calves. It is a durable and flexible material that was widely used in the past for writing and bookmaking.

To make parchment, the skin of an animal is first soaked in water to loosen the hair and flesh. The hair and flesh are then scraped off, and the skin is stretched and treated with lime to remove any remaining impurities. After the skin has been treated, it is dried and stretched on a frame to create a smooth and uniform surface.

Parchment has a number of characteristics that make it an ideal material for writing and bookmaking. It is strong and durable, and it does not yellow or crumble like paper does over time. Parchment is also resistant to water and other elements, which makes it well-suited for use in humid environments.

Parchment has a long history, and it was widely used in the ancient world for writing and bookmaking. It was used by the ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans, and it continued to be used throughout the Middle Ages and into the modern era. Today, parchment is still used in some religious and ceremonial contexts, and it is also used in the production of high-quality books and documents.

some examples of parchment documents and artifacts:

  • The Dead Sea Scrolls: These ancient Jewish texts are written on parchment and date back to the 1st century BCE. The scrolls were discovered in the 1940s in the vicinity of the Dead Sea and are considered to be one of the most important discoveries of ancient texts in the 20th century.
  • The Lindisfarne Gospels: This illuminated manuscript is a copy of the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John and is written on parchment. It was produced in the 7th or 8th century CE on the island of Lindisfarne in Northumbria (now England) and is considered to be a masterpiece of Anglo-Saxon art.
  • The Codex Sinaiticus: This is one of the oldest and most important surviving copies of the Bible. It is written on parchment in Greek and is thought to date back to the 4th century CE. The Codex Sinaiticus is now housed in the British Library in London.
  • The United States Constitution: The original copy of the United States Constitution is written on parchment. It was signed by the delegates to the Constitutional Convention in 1787 and is now on display at the National Archives in Washington, D.C.Parchment has a long history and has been used for writing and bookmaking for thousands of years. It was first used in ancient civilizations, such as the ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans. Parchment was widely used in the ancient world for writing and bookmaking, and it continued to be used throughout the Middle Ages and into the modern era.

    The use of parchment declined with the invention of the printing press in the mid-15th century, which made it possible to produce books on a larger scale and at a lower cost. However, parchment has continued to be used in some religious and ceremonial contexts, and it is also used in the production of high-quality books and documents.

What is Parchment and its use in Libraries ? پارچمنٹ سے کیا مراد ہے Read More »

What is Incunabula ? انکنبولا سے کیا مراد ہے

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Incunabula are books, pamphlets, and other written materials that were printed using movable type and printed in Europe before the year 1501. The term “incunabula” is derived from the Latin word “incunabula,” which means “cradle,” and it refers to the early stages of the printing process.

Incunabula were printed using woodblock printing or metal type, and they were often printed on paper or vellum. Many incunabula were printed in Latin, but there were also a number of incunabula that were printed in other languages, such as Greek, Hebrew, and various vernacular languages.

Incunabula are considered to be important because they represent the early stages of the printing process and the spread of knowledge and ideas through printed materials. The printing press, which was invented by Johannes Gutenberg in the mid-15th century, revolutionized the way that books were produced and made it possible for books to be printed on a larger scale.

Incunabula are often collected by libraries and individuals, and they are considered to be rare and valuable due to their age and historical significance. Many incunabula are now housed in special collections in libraries and museums, where they are preserved for posterity.

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First News Paper of the World ? دنیا کا پہلا اخبار

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The world’s first newspaper is generally considered to be the Acta Diurna, which was a daily news bulletin that was posted in ancient Rome around 59 BCE. The Acta Diurna was compiled by the Roman government and contained news about legal announcements, military victories, and other public events. The bulletin was written on boards and posted in public places, such as the Forum, where it could be read by the general public.

The Acta Diurna is considered the world’s first newspaper because it was the first regularly published news bulletin that was intended for a broad audience. It was also the first publication to use the word “newspaper,” as the word “diurna” is derived from the Latin word for “day,” and “acta” means “things done.”

Other early newspapers include the Tianxia Shibao, which was published in China in the 7th century CE, and the Nihon Shoki, which was published in Japan in the 8th century CE.

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First Books of the World ? دنیا کی پہلی کتاب

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It is difficult to determine the first book in the world, as the concept of a “book” has evolved over time and has varied across different cultures. In addition, many early texts that were written on materials such as papyrus, parchment, and clay tablets have not survived to the present day, making it difficult to identify the oldest surviving book.

That being said, some of the oldest surviving texts that are considered to be “books” in the modern sense include:

  • The Epic of Gilgamesh: This ancient Mesopotamian epic poem is thought to date back to the 18th century BCE and is written on clay tablets. It is considered one of the oldest surviving works of literature in the world.
  • The Etruscan Gold Book of the Ancients: This small book, which is made of gold and contains inscribed text in the Etruscan language, is thought to date back to the 6th century BCE. It was discovered in the 19th century and is now housed in the British Museum in London.
  • The Diamond Sutra: This Buddhist scripture is a woodblock print that is thought to date back to the year 868 CE. It is considered to be the oldest surviving printed book in the world.
  • The Book of the Dead is the modern name for a collection of ancient Egyptian funerary texts that were written on papyrus and buried with the deceased. The texts in the Book of the Dead were intended to help the deceased navigate the afterlife and reach the paradise of the Field of Reeds.The Book of the Dead is a composite text, and it consists of a number of different spells and incantations that were believed to have protective and transformative powers. The texts in the Book of the Dead include prayers, hymns, and magical formulas that were intended to help the deceased overcome obstacles in the afterlife and to ensure a successful journey to the afterlife.The Book of the Dead was an important part of ancient Egyptian culture and religion, and it played a central role in the funerary practices of the ancient Egyptians. The texts in the Book of the Dead were often inscribed on papyrus and placed in tombs or burial sites, and they have been found in a number of ancient Egyptian tombs.
  • The Book of the Dead is not considered to be the first book in the world, as it is a collection of funerary texts that were written on papyrus and buried with the deceased in ancient Egypt. The Book of the Dead is a composite text, and it consists of a number of different spells and incantations that were believed to have protective and transformative powers.
  • The Book of the Dead is a collection of ancient Egyptian funerary texts that were written on papyrus and buried with the deceased. The texts in the Book of the Dead were intended to help the deceased navigate the afterlife and reach the paradise of the Field of Reeds.The origins of the Book of the Dead are uncertain, but it is believed to have developed over a period of time and to have undergone several revisions. Some of the earliest versions of the Book of the Dead date back to the Old Kingdom period of ancient Egypt (c. 2613-2181 BCE), but the text continued to be revised and added to over the course of several millennia.The texts in the Book of the Dead were often inscribed on papyrus and placed in tombs or burial sites, and they have been found in a number of ancient Egyptian tombs. The Book of the Dead was an important part of ancient Egyptian culture and religion, and it played a central role in the funerary practices of the ancient Egyptians.
  • size of book of dead is 15 by 75 inches

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What is Clay Tablet ? مٹی کی تختیوں سے کیا مراد ہے

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A clay tablet is a flat piece of clay, usually shaped in a rectangular or square form, that has been inscribed with writing using a stylus. Clay tablets were used in ancient times as a writing surface, and they have been found in many different parts of the world, including Mesopotamia, ancient Egypt, and other parts of the Middle East.

Clay tablets were often inscribed with cuneiform writing, which was a system of writing that used a stylus to make marks in clay. Cuneiform writing was one of the earliest systems of writing in the world and was used to record a variety of information, including laws, historical accounts, and religious texts.

Clay tablets were durable and could be easily stored, making them a popular choice for record-keeping and communication in ancient times. However, they were also prone to breaking, and many clay tablets that have survived to the present day are incomplete or fragmentary.

A clay tablet is a flat piece of clay, usually shaped in a rectangular or square form, that has been inscribed with writing using a stylus. Clay tablets were used in ancient times as a writing surface, and they have been found in many different parts of the world, including Mesopotamia, ancient Egypt, and other parts of the Middle East.

Clay tablets were often inscribed with cuneiform writing, which was a system of writing that used a stylus to make marks in clay. Cuneiform writing was one of the earliest systems of writing in the world and was used to record a variety of information, including laws, historical accounts, and religious texts.

Clay tablets were durable and could be easily stored, making them a popular choice for record-keeping and communication in ancient times. However, they were also prone to breaking, and many clay tablets that have survived to the present day are incomplete or fragmentary.

The size of a clay tablet varied depending on the period and the intended use. Some clay tablets were quite small, measuring only a few inches in length or width, while others were much larger and could be several inches in length or width.

In general, clay tablets were created by pressing wet clay into a flat, rectangular or square shape and then inscribing it with writing using a stylus. The size of the tablet might be determined by the amount of information that needed to be recorded, or it might be determined by practical considerations such as the size of the clay balls that were used to create the tablets.

11 and 12 inches is the size of clay tablet

Clay tablets were often used for record-keeping and communication in ancient times, and they were used to record a wide range of information, including laws, historical accounts, and religious texts.

Clay tablets were often inscribed with cuneiform writing, which was a system of writing that used a stylus to make marks in clay. Cuneiform writing was one of the earliest systems of writing in the world and was used by a number of ancient cultures, including the Sumerians, the Akkadians, and the Babylonians.

Cuneiform writing was not based on an alphabet, but rather used a system of symbols and characters to represent words, sounds, and ideas. The symbols and characters were created by pressing the stylus into the clay at various angles and in various combinations to create different marks.

Cuneiform writing was used to record a wide range of information, including laws, historical accounts, and religious texts. It was also used for administrative and economic purposes, such as keeping track of trade and recording financial transactions.

Many clay tablets that were used in ancient times have been preserved and can be found in museums and other collections around the world. Clay tablets are durable, but they can also be fragile, and many tablets that have survived to the present day are incomplete or fragmentary.

One of the largest collections of clay tablets is held by the British Museum in London, which has over 130,000 clay tablets in its collection. The tablets in the British Museum’s collection come from a variety of ancient cultures, including the Sumerians, the Akkadians, and the Babylonians. The museum also holds a large collection of cuneiform inscriptions on other materials, such as stone and bronze.

Other museums and collections that hold significant numbers of clay tablets include the National Museum of Iraq in Baghdad, the Louvre Museum in Paris, and the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York.

Clay tablets have been found in many different parts of the world and have been used by a number of ancient cultures for record-keeping and communication. The use of clay tablets for writing is generally attributed to the ancient Sumerians, who lived in the region of Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq) around 4000 BCE. The Sumerians are believed to have developed the cuneiform system of writing, which used a stylus to make marks in clay tablets.

Clay tablets were widely used in ancient Mesopotamia and other parts of the ancient Near East, and they continued to be used for many centuries. Clay tablets have been found that date from as early as the 4th millennium BCE to as late as the 1st century CE.

Archaeologists have been discovering clay tablets for many centuries, and they continue to find new tablets as they conduct excavations in different parts of the world. Clay tablets have been found in many different parts of the ancient Near East, including Mesopotamia, ancient Egypt, and the Levant, as well as in other parts of the world.

Some of the earliest clay tablets that have been discovered date back to the 4th millennium BCE and were found in ancient Mesopotamia. These tablets were inscribed with cuneiform writing, and they were used to record a wide range of information, including laws, historical accounts, and religious texts.

Archaeologists have continued to discover clay tablets in many different parts of the world, and these tablets have provided valuable insights into the history, culture, and daily life of ancient peoples.

What is Clay Tablet ? مٹی کی تختیوں سے کیا مراد ہے Read More »

what is printed books ? مطبوعہ کتب سے کیا مراد ہے

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Printed books are books that have been produced using a printing process, in which ink is applied to a printing plate, which is then pressed onto paper or another printing substrate. Printing is a method of mass-producing books, and it allows for the production of large quantities of books in a relatively short period of time.

Printed books can be either hardcover or softcover, depending on the type of binding used. Hardcover books have a stiffer cover, often made of paperboard or cardboard covered with cloth or paper, while softcover books have a flexible cover made of paper.

Printed books can be found in a wide range of formats and sizes, and they can cover a wide range of subjects, including literature, history, science, and more.

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Who is Tas’i lun, سائی لون کون تھا

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Tas’i lun is the traditional Chinese name for the person credited with inventing paper. According to legend, Tas’i lun was an official in the imperial court of the Han Dynasty who lived in the 2nd century CE. He is said to have developed a method for making paper from pulped rags, which was a significant improvement over the writing materials that were in use at the time, such as bamboo slips and silk.

Tas’i lun’s invention of paper is considered one of the most important technological innovations in the history of China, as it greatly increased the efficiency of record-keeping and communication and played a key role in the spread of education and culture in the country.

However, there is no historical evidence to verify the story of Tas’i lun or to confirm the details of his life.

Cai Lun (AD 50-121) Inventor of paper. An invention that truly changed the world.

Cai Lun (Ts’ai Lun) was born in Guiyang during the Eastern Han Dynasty. After serving as a court eunuch from AD 75, he was given several promotions under the rule of Emperor He of Han. In AD 89, he was promoted and given the title of Shang Fang Si, an office in charge of manufacturing instruments and weapons. He also became a Regular Palace Attendant. He was involved in palace intrigue as a supporter of Empress Dou, and in the death of her romantic rival, Consort Song. After the death of Empress Dou in AD 97, he became an associate of Consort Deng Sui.

In A.D. 105, Cai invented the composition for paper along with the papermaking process – though he may have been credited with an invention of someone from a lower class. Tools and machinery of papermaking in modern times may be more complex, but they still employ the ancient technique which involves. Felted sheets of fibre suspended in water, draining of the water, and then drying into a thin matted sheet. For this invention, Cai would be world-renowned posthumously, and even in his own time, he was given recognition for his invention.

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Whati is Difference between Scroll and Roll?

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A scroll is a long, narrow piece of paper or parchment that is written or printed on and then rolled up for storage. A roll is a similar type of document that is made by rolling up several sheets of paper or parchment together.

The main difference between a scroll and a roll is the number of sheets that are used. A scroll is typically a single sheet of paper or parchment that has been written or printed on and then rolled up, while a roll is made up of multiple sheets that are attached together and then rolled up.

Both scrolls and rolls were used as a way of storing and organizing written documents in ancient times, and they were often used for literary works such as plays, poems, and histories, as well as for legal documents and administrative records.

An example of a scroll would be a single sheet of parchment or paper that has been written or printed on and then rolled up for storage. This type of document might be used to store a poem, a play, or other literary work.

An example of a roll would be a collection of several sheets of parchment or paper that have been attached together and then rolled up. This type of document might be used to store a longer literary work, such as a history or a novel, or it might be used to store administrative records or legal documents.

Here are a few more specific examples of scrolls and rolls:

  • The Dead Sea Scrolls, which are a collection of Jewish texts that were discovered in the 1940s, are an example of scrolls. These texts were written on parchment and were found in clay pots in the region of the Dead Sea.
  • The Enuma Elish, which is an ancient Babylonian creation myth, is an example of a roll. This text was inscribed on clay tablets and was discovered in the 19th century.

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Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) system

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The Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) system is a system of library classification used to organize and arrange books and other materials in a library. It was developed by Melvil Dewey in the 1870s and is still in widespread use today.

The DDC is based on a system of ten main classes, each representing a broad subject area. These main classes are further divided into smaller divisions, and then into even smaller sections until each book or material is assigned a unique classification number. The classification numbers are arranged in a decimal format, with the first digit representing the main class, the second and third digits representing the division, and so on.

For example, the number “500” represents the natural sciences and mathematics, while the number “540” represents chemistry and “550” represents earth sciences. Within the earth sciences section, the number “550.1” represents geology, and “550.2” represents meteorology.

The DDC is used to organize and arrange books and materials in a library, and to help library patrons find the materials they are looking for. It is also used to create library catalogs and bibliographies.

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Ancient Times Materials for Writing عہد قدیم کے لکھائی کے ذرائع

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In ancient times, people used a variety of materials for writing, including parchment, papyrus, wooden tablets, and stone or clay tablets.

Parchment was made from animal skin and was used to write both scrolls and codex-style books.

Papyrus was made from the pith of the papyrus plant and was used to create scrolls and smaller documents such as letters and contracts.

Wooden tablets were made by cutting a piece of wood and hollowing out the center to create a flat surface, which was then coated with wax. These tablets could be used to create both individual documents and longer works.

Stone and clay tablets were also used as a writing surface in ancient times. Clay tablets were inscribed with cuneiform writing and were used in Mesopotamia, while stone tablets were used in ancient Egypt and other parts of the world.

In addition to parchment, papyrus, wooden tablets, and stone or clay tablets, there were several other materials that were used for writing in ancient times, including:

  • Palm leaves: In some parts of the world, such as India and Southeast Asia, palm leaves were used as a writing surface. These leaves were cut into thin strips and then inscribed with writing using a sharp instrument. The strips were then tied together to create a book.
  • Silk: Silk was used as a writing surface in ancient China, where it was considered a luxurious and prestigious material. Silk was used to create both individual documents and longer works such as histories and novels.
  • Metal: Metal plates, such as those made of bronze or gold, were used as a writing surface in some ancient cultures. These plates were inscribed with writing using a sharp instrument, and were often used for important documents or records.
  • Glass: In some parts of the ancient world, such as Egypt, glass was used as a writing surface. Glass was inscribed with writing using a sharp instrument, and was often used for important documents or records.

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