Glossary

Indexانڈیکس

An index is a list of words or phrases and the corresponding page numbers where those words or phrases can be found in a book, document, or other text. An index is typically found at the end of a book or document and is used to help readers find specific information quickly and easily. An index may also include cross-references, which are references to other places in the text where related or additional information can be found.

In addition to being a useful tool for readers, an index can also be an important part of the writing process. When creating an index, writers must carefully review their work and identify the key concepts and terms that are discussed in the text. They must then decide how these concepts and terms should be organized and listed in the index. This process can help writers clarify their own thinking about the content of their work and make it easier for readers to understand and follow the argument or discussion.

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Ibidابید

Ibid is short for the Latin term “ibidem,” which means “in the same place.” It is used in academic writing as a way to refer to a previously cited source, typically in a list of references or a bibliography. For example, if you are writing a paper and you have already cited a source, you can use ibid to refer to that same source later in your paper without repeating the full citation. Instead, you can simply use ibid followed by the page number(s) if the reference is to a specific page in the source. For example: “According to Smith (2020), the earth is round (p. 23). Ibid., p. 27.” This means that you are referring to the same source (Smith, 2020) on page 27 as you previously cited on page 23.

Ibid لاطینی اصطلاح "ibidem" کے لیے مختصر ہے جس کا مطلب ہے "ایک ہی جگہ"۔ یہ علمی تحریر میں استعمال کیا جاتا ہے ایک طریقہ کے طور پر جس کا حوالہ پہلے دیا گیا ماخذ ہے، عام طور پر حوالہ جات یا کتابیات کی فہرست میں۔ مثال کے طور پر، اگر آپ ایک مقالہ لکھ رہے ہیں اور آپ نے پہلے ہی ایک ماخذ کا حوالہ دیا ہے، تو آپ مکمل حوالہ دہرائے بغیر اپنے مقالے میں بعد میں اسی ماخذ کا حوالہ دینے کے لیے ibid استعمال کر سکتے ہیں۔ اس کے بجائے، اگر حوالہ ماخذ میں کسی مخصوص صفحہ کا ہو تو آپ آسانی سے ibid کا استعمال کر سکتے ہیں جس کے بعد صفحہ نمبر (s)۔ مثال کے طور پر: "سمتھ (2020) کے مطابق، زمین گول ہے (p. 23). Ibid.، p. 27." اس کا مطلب ہے کہ آپ صفحہ 27 پر اسی ماخذ (Smith, 2020) کا حوالہ دے رہے ہیں جیسا کہ آپ نے پہلے صفحہ 23 پر حوالہ دیا تھا۔

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Hardcopyہارڈ کاپی

Hardcopy refers to a physical copy of a document, such as a book, report, or article, that has been printed on paper. It is the opposite of a digital copy, which exists in electronic form and can be accessed and read on a computer or other electronic device. Hardcopy documents are often used as a permanent record or reference and can be stored and accessed physically, as opposed to digitally, where they may be more prone to being lost or deleted. Hardcopy documents are also sometimes referred to as “paper copies” or “printed copies.”

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Handbookہینڈ بک

A handbook is a practical guide that provides information on a particular subject or activity. It is a type of reference book that is designed to be used as a resource for performing specific tasks or for learning about a specific subject. Handbooks can be general, covering a wide range of topics, or specialized, covering a particular field or area of study. They may include instructions, tips, examples, and other types of information that are useful for learning or performing a particular activity. Handbooks are often used as reference tools and can be helpful for finding quick answers to specific questions or for learning how to do something.

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Glossary

A glossary is a list of terms and their definitions, usually found at the end of a book or in a separate section of a website or other publication. It is a reference tool that provides explanations of technical, specialized, or unfamiliar words and phrases that are used in a particular field or subject area. A glossary is often used to help readers understand complex or technical material, and it can be a useful resource for finding definitions of terms that are used in a specific context. Glossaries may be organized alphabetically or by subject matter, and they may include pronunciation guides, examples of usage, or cross-references to other terms.

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Fine

A fine is a penalty, usually in the form of a monetary payment, that is imposed for breaking a law or rule. Fines are often used as a punishment for minor offenses, such as traffic violations or littering, and they are typically paid to the government or a regulatory agency. The amount of a fine is usually determined by the severity of the offense, and it is typically set by law or by a court. In some cases, fines may be accompanied by other penalties, such as community service or the loss of a privilege, such as a driver’s license.

In a library, a fine is a fee that is imposed for returning books or other materials after the due date. Libraries often have a fine policy in place to encourage patrons to return materials on time and to ensure that materials are available for others to use. The amount of the fine is usually based on the type of material and the length of the loan period, and it is typically set by the library. Some libraries may also charge a fee for lost or damaged materials. Fines can typically be paid at the library or online, and they are often waived or reduced if the materials are returned or replaced.

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Endnoteاختتامی نوٹ

EndNote is a software program that is used to manage and organize research materials, such as articles, papers, and books. It is often used by students, researchers, and writers to keep track of their sources, generate bibliographies and citations and share research materials with others. EndNote provides tools for organizing, annotating, and citing sources, and it can be used to create in-text citations, footnotes, and bibliographies in a variety of citation styles. EndNote is available as a standalone program or as a cloud-based service, and it can be used in conjunction with word processing software, such as Microsoft Word, to insert citations and create formatted bibliographies.

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Enquiries desk انکوائری ڈیسک

The enquiries desk (previously known as the lending desk) is a desk or counter at a library where users can ask questions, get help with finding materials, and request services such as borrowing books or using computers. It is typically staffed by librarians or other library staff who are trained to assist patrons with their research and information needs. The enquiries desk is often the first point of contact for users when they enter the library, and it is typically located in a prominent place in the library. At some libraries, the enquiries desk is also known as the circulation desk, as it is often responsible for managing the circulation of materials, such as lending books to patrons and managing reservations and holds.

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Encyclopedia

An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work that provides information on a wide range of subjects, usually arranged in alphabetical order. It is a type of reference book that is intended to provide general knowledge about a subject, rather than in-depth, specialized information. Encyclopedias can be general, covering a wide range of subjects, or specialized, covering a particular field or area of study. They may include articles, definitions, illustrations, maps, and other types of information, and they are often written by experts in the field. Encyclopedias can be published in print or digital format, and they are used as a resource for research, learning, and general knowledge.

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Electronic information resourcesالیکٹرانک معلومات کے وسائل

Electronic information resources are digital materials that are used for research or other purposes. They can include electronic books (e-books), electronic journals (e-journals), databases, websites, and other types of digital content. Electronic information resources are typically accessed via a computer or other electronic device with an internet connection. They can be accessed remotely, from anywhere with an internet connection, and can often be accessed through a library or other subscription service. Electronic information resources have several advantages over traditional print materials, including the ability to search for specific words or phrases, the ability to access materials from anywhere with an internet connection, and the ability to access older materials that may not be available in print.

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