Glossary

E-Journalsای جرنلز

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E-journals (electronic journals) are digital versions of traditional print journals that can be accessed and read online. They are usually published by academic or professional organizations and contain articles, research papers, and other scholarly works. E-journals may be available through a subscription service or on a pay-per-article basis. They can be accessed using a computer or other electronic device with an internet connection. E-journals have several advantages over print journals, including the ability to search for specific articles or keywords, the ability to access articles from anywhere with an internet connection, and the ability to access older issues that may not be available in print.

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Editorایڈیٹر

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An editor is a person who is responsible for preparing written material for publication. This can include checking the accuracy, style, and formatting of the work, as well as making any necessary revisions or changes. Editors may work on a wide range of materials, including books, magazines, newspapers, websites, and other published works. They may also specialize in a particular type of content, such as fiction, non-fiction, or technical writing. Editors often work with authors and other team members, such as designers and proofreaders, to ensure that the final product is of high quality and meets the standards of the publisher or organization.

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Edition ترمیم کرنا

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An edition is a version of a book, periodical, or other published work that has been revised or updated. It is a specific printing of a work, and it may include changes, corrections, or updates to the original version. Editions are usually numbered, and the number is often used to distinguish one edition from another. For example, the first edition of a book is the first time it has been printed, the second edition is the second printing with changes or updates, and so on. Some works, particularly classics, may be republished in multiple editions with different introductions, annotations, or other additional materials.

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EBooks ای بکس

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An e-book (short for electronic book) is a digital version of a traditional print book that can be read on a computer, e-reader, or other electronic devices. E-books are often distributed as PDFs or EPUB files, and they can be read using specialized software or a compatible device. Many e-books are available for purchase and download online, and they can also be borrowed from libraries in some cases. E-books have several advantages over print books, including the ability to store and carry a large number of books in a single device, the option to adjust text size and formatting, and the ability to search for specific words or phrases

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DOI – Digital Object Identifier

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A Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is a unique string of characters that is used to identify and locate digital content, such as articles, datasets, and other research materials. It is a standard way of identifying and citing digital objects, and it enables users to access the content through a persistent link. A DOI is typically associated with a specific version of a work and does not change, even if the work is updated or moved to a different location. The DOI system is managed by the International DOI Foundation (IDF) and is used by many publishers, libraries, and research organizations around the world.

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Dissertation مقالہ

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A dissertation is a long, formal document that presents original research and is written as part of the requirements for a doctoral degree. It is typically a requirement for earning a Ph.D. or other doctoral degree. A dissertation is usually based on extensive research and demonstrates a candidate’s ability to contribute new knowledge to their field. It is typically organized into chapters and includes an introduction, literature review, methodology, results, and conclusion. The process of writing a dissertation is often a long and complex one, and it can take several years to complete.

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Directory

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A directory is a list of files and directories within a file system, usually organized in a hierarchical structure. It is a way of organizing and storing information on a computer or other device. A directory can contain files and other directories, which can contain more files and directories, and so on. The top level of the directory structure is called the root directory. Directories can also contain metadata, such as the date when the directory was created or modified, and permissions, which control who can access the files and directories within the directory. They are used to organize and structure data on a computer or other device, making it easier to find and access specific files.

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Dictionary

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A dictionary is a reference book that provides meanings, pronunciation, etymology, and other information about words. It is a collection of words and their definitions, typically listed in alphabetical order. Dictionaries can be general, covering all areas of language, or specialized, covering a particular subject or language. Some dictionaries also include usage examples and synonyms or antonyms for the words they define. They are used to help people understand and learn the language, as well as to find the correct spelling and meaning of words.

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Database

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A database is a collection of organized data stored and accessed electronically. Databases are used to store, organize, and manage data, and are used in a wide variety of applications, such as online stores, libraries, and customer relationship management systems. Some common types of databases include relational databases, which store data in tables with rows and columns, and NoSQL databases, which use a variety of data models, such as documents, graphs, and key-value pairs. There are many database management systems (DBMS) available, ranging from open-source options like MySQL and PostgreSQL, to proprietary systems like Oracle and Microsoft SQL Server.

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Current periodicals

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Current periodicals are magazines, newspapers, and other types of publications that are published on a regular basis, such as weekly, monthly, or quarterly. Current periodicals are often referred to as “serial publications” because they are published in a series of issues over time.

Current periodicals can cover a wide range of topics, including news, politics, science, business, entertainment, and more. They are an important source of information and are often used for research and other purposes. Many libraries and other institutions subscribe to current periodicals and make them available to patrons in print or electronic form.

Current periodicals differ from “back issues,” which are older issues of a periodical that are no longer being published. Back issues may be available for purchase or through library collections, but they are not considered current.

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